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Nervous System > Common Conditions of the Eye > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacification of the lens

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2
Q

Why do cataracts develop?

A

Older fibres are never shed and so the lens gets thicker and thicker

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cataracts?

A

Spoke like opacities can be seen going from outside
Patient will complain of blurry vision - more common in low light
In mature will be mostly blind and milky white appearance seen on eye

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4
Q

When should a cataract get fixed?

A

Once a patients lifestyle is impaired

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5
Q

What are secondary causes of cataracts?

A

Trauma

Steroid eye drops

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6
Q

What is nuclear sclerosis?

A

Where inside of cataract is getting affected

Patient sees more red colour

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7
Q

What are sutural and zonular cataracts?

A

Childhood cataract formed due to opacification in utero

Only affects fibres that where present when mother was impacted

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8
Q

What are the consequences of sutural cataracts if untreated?

A

Brain starts compensating and can lead to child never developing vision in that eye

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9
Q

How do you manage cataracts?

A

Surgery small incision in lens capsule and remove old lens and place plastic lens in capsular bag
Lens placed in posterior chamber

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10
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Raised intraocular pressure

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11
Q

What are the consequences of raised IOP?

A

Pressure on nerve fibres on surface of retina causes the nerve fibres to die out leads to visual field defects
Then leads to blindness

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12
Q

What are the train signs of glaucoma?

A

Raised IOP
Visual field defects
Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy

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13
Q

How do you manage POAG?

A

Eye drops to decrease IOP
Laser trabeculopasty
Trabeculectomy surgery

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14
Q

What is POAG?

A

Primary open angle glaucoma

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of angle closure glaucoma?

A

Sudden onset, painful, vision lost/blurred, headaches

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16
Q

What can be seen on examination in angle closure glaucoma?

A

Red eye, cornea opaque as raised IOP drives fluid into cornea, AC shallow and angle closed
Pupil mild-dilated
IOP severely raised

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of angle closure?

A

Functional block in small eye
Mid-dilated pupil
Iris sticks to pupillary border

18
Q

How do you manage an acute episode of angle closure?

A

Decrease IOP - IV infusion, analgesics, constrictor eye drops, steroid eye drops, beta blocker drops (if no contra-indications)
Iridotomy - both eyes to bypass blockage

19
Q

What are causes of infectious corneal ulcers?

A

Viral, bacterial, fungal

20
Q

What are causes of non-infective corneal ulcers?

A

Trauma, corneal degradation or dystrophies

21
Q

What is a consequence of large corneal ulcers?

A

Opaque corneas

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of corneal dystrophies?

A

1st to 4th decade

Decreased vision

23
Q

What is lattice dystrophy?

A

Deposition of amyloid material in corneal stroma

24
Q

How do patients with lattice dystrophy present?

A

Eye irritation, photosensitivity, pain and blurred vision

Bilateral criss-crossing opacities in storm on examination

25
Q

What is the treatment of lattice dystrophy?

A

Managing symptoms

Corneal transplant in late stages

26
Q

What is Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy?

A

Asymmetrical bilateral progressive oedema

27
Q

What causes Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy?

A

Destruction and death of endothelial cells leads to oedema and opacification of cornea

28
Q

What is treatment of Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy?

A

Symptomatic treatment

Corneal transplant

29
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the uvea

30
Q

What is anterior uveitis?

A

Iris with or without ciliary body inflamed

31
Q

What is intermediate uveitis?

A

Ciliary body inflamed

32
Q

What is posterior uveitis?

A

Choroid inflamed

33
Q

What are the causes of uveitis?

A

Isolated illness
Non-infectious autoimmune causes
Infectious causes (TB)
Associated with systemic diseases (ankylosing spondylitis)

34
Q

What is the pathophysiology of anterior uveitis?

A

Inflamed anterior uvea leaks plasma and WBC into aqueous humor
Hazy anterior chamber

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of intermediate uveitis?

A

Ciliary body is inflamed and leaks cells and proteins

Causes hazy vitreous

36
Q

What is the pathophysiology of posterior uveitis?

A

Choroid is inflamed as it sits under retina, often spreads there causing blurred vision

37
Q

What is conjuctivits?

A

Self limiting bacterial or viral infection of conjuctiva

38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of conjuctivits?

A

Red watering eyes, discharge

No loss of vision as long as doesn’t spread to cornea

39
Q

What is external style conjunctivitis?

A

Infection of hair follicle of eyelash

40
Q

What is internal style conjuctivitis?

A

Blockage and infection of meibomian glands

41
Q

What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?

A

Warm compress
Eyelid hygiene
May need surgical incision and curettage

Nervous System (16 decks)

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