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Nervous System > Anatomy of the Eye > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony orbit closely related to?

A

Air sinuses

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2
Q

What of the orbit have thick walls?

A

Orbital rims and lateral and superior walls

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3
Q

What does the thin walls of the rest of the orbit mean clinically?

A

Can be easily fractured leading to herniation into surrounding sinuses

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4
Q

Why is the medial wall of the orbit weak?

A

Composed of the lamina papyracea of the ethmoidal bone

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5
Q

What nerve can be effected when orbit herniates?

A

Maxillary nerve - sensory effects will be altered

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6
Q

What is a classic sign of a blow out fracture on CT?

A

Teardrop sign

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7
Q

What does orbital fat cushion?

A

The globe, very important for support

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8
Q

What does hypertrophy of the fat lead to?

A

Orbital pushed outwards - can see more of the sclera

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9
Q

How many layers does the cornea have?

A 
5
Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma
Descemet's layer
Endothelium
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10
Q

What is the structure of the stroma layer of cornea?

A

Regularly arranged collagen with no blood vessels

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11
Q

Why are corneal transplants easier?

A

Cornea doesn’t have blood vessels and so the donor’s different antigens aren’t recognised as foreign

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12
Q

What makes up the fibrous coat of the eyeball?

A

Cornea and sclera

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13
Q

What makes up the vascular layer of the eyeball?

A

Ciliary body
Choroid
Iris
Retina

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14
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Suspends the lens and produces aqueous humour

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15
Q

what is the iris?

A

Controls diameter of pupil

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16
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Supplies blood to outer layers of retina

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17
Q

What makes up the sensory layer?

A

Retina

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18
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Gives attachment to muscles moving eyeball

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19
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Window to allow light rays to enter eyeball

20
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

A

10 layers

21
Q

What is layer 1 of the retina?

A

Pigment epithelial layer

22
Q

What is layer 2 of the retina?

A

Rods and cones - where light gets transducer into action potential

23
Q

What is layer 9 of the retina

A

Nerve fibre layer

24
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion axons

25
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Where all the nerves accumulate

26
Q

What are the blood vessels that radiate from the optic disc branches of?

A

Central retinal artery which is branch of opthalmic artery

27
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Point in the retina where there is lots of cones and no rods

This is part of best visual acuity

28
Q

What is the lens?

A

Transparent, crystalline bioconvex structure which is suspended by zones from ciliary body

29
Q

What is needed for the lens to be transparent?

A

Needs to be avascular

30
Q

Where is the anterior segment of the eye?

A

In front of the lens

Also splits into anterior and posterior chambers either side of the iris

31
Q

What is aqueous humour?

A

Watery fluid anterior to the lens

Helps maintain intraocular pressure

32
Q

Where is the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Behind the lens

33
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

Transparent gel posterior to the lens, helps cushion the retina

34
Q

What produces Ah?

A

Ciliary body

35
Q

Where does the AH get filtered?

A

Angle of the anterior chamber

36
Q

What is AH filtered through?

A

Trabecular meshwork

37
Q

What leads to an increase in intraocular pressure?

A

Obstruction in the pathway of circulation of AH

38
Q

What does an increase in intraocular pressure cause?

A

Glaucoma

39
Q

What is the conjuctiva?

A

Thin vascular membrane that covers inner surface of eyelids and loops back over sclera

40
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland situated?

A

Laterally in the orbit

41
Q

What provides innervation to the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic innervation by facial nerve

42
Q

Where do the ducts of the lacrimal glands open into?

A

Conjunctival sac

43
Q

Where do tears drain?

A

Punctae on medial side of each eyelid and then into lacrimal sac
Then through nasolacrimal duct into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

44
Q

What are the functions of the tear film?

A

Keeps cornea moist, prevents drying
Washes away any particulate foreign bodies
Has antibodies and lysozymes to kill microbes
Smooths outer surface of cornea providing smooth surface for refraction

45
Q

What are the layers of the tear film?

A

Mucinous layer overlying corneal epithelium
Aqueous layer (largest layer)
Oily layer which is most superficial

Nervous System (16 decks)

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