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Combank Q Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the parietal cells is mediated through what neurotransmitter and through what receptor?

A

Acetylcholine

-M3 muscarinic receptor which operates through a Gq protein releasing phospholipase C (IP3/DAG pathway)

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2
Q

What are the laboratory findings in grave’s disease for the following:

Serum T4

Free T4

Serum TSH

1,2,3-Iodine Uptake

A

Serum T4: High

Free T4: High

Serum TSH: Low

Thyroid Iodine Uptake: HIGH

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3
Q

What type HIV drug would be given to a pregnant Pt?

What is the MOA of thses drugs?

What are some names of these drugs?

A

NRTIs (nucleoside reverse-tramscriptase inhibitors)

  • Competitive inhibtion of RNA-dependant-DNA-polymerase and termination of the DNA chain
  • Zidovudine, lamivudine, abacavir, tenofovir, emtricitobine
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4
Q

What part of the lung does M. tuberculosis prefer? Why?

A

The apacies

Obligate aerobe.

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5
Q

What kind of psychiatric disorder is chracterized by aggression towards people or animals, antisocial tendancies, decitfulness and serious violations of rules?

A

Conduct disorder

BAD

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6
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Gullian-Barre syndrome? Why?

A

Type IV

–> It is caused by antigenic activation of T-cells leading to macrophage activation.

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7
Q

Pt. with ammenorehea, loss of vision, and galactorrhea with recent history of peptic ulcer disease. Explain:

A

MEN1–> Wermer syndrome

MEN1 typically presents with petuitary adenoma, parathyroid tumor and tumors of the pancreas.

Vison changes and galactorrhea–> PRL secreting Petuitary adenoma

PUD–> Gastrin secreting adenoma of the pancreas.

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8
Q

What muscles are affected in carpel tunnel syndrome?

A

Opponens pollicis, abductor policis brevis, flexor policis brevis

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9
Q

Pt. immigrates from central america with cough and fever. KOH of sputum reveals multiple yeast budding concentrically from a larger yeast. What bug?

A

Paracoccioides brasiliensis

Looks like a “Pilot’s Wheel”

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10
Q

This electrolyte abnormality can cause Digoxin toxicity. How?

A

Hypercalcemia

Digoxin increases ionotropy by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and thereby increases intracellular Ca+ by decreasing the activity of the Na+/Ca++ exchanger present on the sarcoplasmic retuculum.

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11
Q

Drug that is effective in treating the pain from post herpetic neuralgia.

A

Amiltriptyline

(all TCAs)

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12
Q

Infant being weaned from the breast is experiecing vomiting, nausea, and hypoglycemia.

What is the problem? What builds up?

A

Heriditary fructose intollerance.

Aldolase B deficiency

“All-dose ladies B-tol(erance) in their foot-toes (fructose) shoes”

Frutose-1-phosphate builds up becuase it is trapped in the cell but is unable to be converted to GAP and DHAP by aldolase.

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13
Q

Most common cause of testicular mass in an infant male?

Marker and cell type present?

A

Yolk sac tumor

Schiller-Duvall Bodies

Alpha-fetoprotein positive

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14
Q

Angina that is caused by physical activity and relieved by NO or rest is characterized by what EKG finding?

A

ST segment depression

–> ischemia that does not fully penetrate the wall

AKA Stable angina

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15
Q

A serum ascities-albumin gradient (SAAG) of what value is a cutoff? What does this mean?

What is the equation to calculate the SAAG?

A

>1.1g/dL indicates that the ascities is due to portal HTN

<1.1 indicates that the ascites is due to decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure

SAAG= (Serum albumin) - (Ascitic Albumin)

–> This makes sense because as long as your ascitic albumin is low, then water is not being drawn out into the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

Reactivation of TB is what kind of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type IV–> delayed type T cell response

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17
Q

Isoniazide can cause depletion of what vitamin?

A

B6

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18
Q

Prolonged PT time and hemarthosis as well as prolonged surgery bleeding is cause by a deficiency in what branch of the coagulation pathway?

A

Extrinsic pathway

Factor VII

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19
Q

What is the believed cause of aspiring induced asthma?

A

Leukotriene excess

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20
Q

Surfactant is produced by

A

Type II pneumocytes

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21
Q

A somatostatinoma will cause what S&S?

A
  • Hyperglycemia (due to insulin oposition)
  • Steatorrhea
  • Cholelithiasis
  • Hypochlorhydria
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22
Q

Somatostatin is produced where?

A

In the Delta cells of the pancreas

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23
Q

MOA of amilioride and triamterine?

A

Inhibit Na/K-ATPase in the distal convuluted tubule

–> K sparing

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24
Q

Pancreatic chapman point?

A

Between ribs 7 and 8 on the right

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25
Q

Magnesium toxicity will present initially with increased or decreased DTR? Why?

A

Decreased

Mg opposes Ca entry and therefore Ach release from the presynaptic neurons

26
Q

Characteristic finding on biopsy of brain with rabies?

A

Negri bodies

27
Q

Tapeworm found in dog feces that causes hydatid cyst disease?

Tx?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

Tx with Albendazole

28
Q

Most important metabolic abnormalities with acute alcohol toxicity?

A

-Hypoglycemia–> due to increased NADH from acetate formation leading to decreased gluconeogenisis

–>lactic acidosis from the hypoglycemia

29
Q

What is the purpose of the RB gene?

A

Holds DNA in the G1 phase until it is ready for cell division

30
Q

Night terrors and enuresis occur durring what stage of sleep?

What is the characteristic of this stage on EEG?

A

Stage 3

Delta waves

31
Q

Supination of the foot involves what three movements?

A

Inversion, adduction and plantarflexion

32
Q

MOA of aminoglycosides?

Major side effect?

Example of drug?

A

Bind to and inhibit 30s subunit

Ototoxicity–> contraindicated in pregnancy

Gentamicin

33
Q

Most common cause of epididymitis in middle age? Tx?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Ceftriaxone and Doxycycline

34
Q

Triad of Bachet syndrome?

What HLA

A

Oral ulcers

Genital ulcers

Uveitis

HLA-B51

35
Q

Renal cell carcinoma has a strong association with this genetic abnormality

A

Von-Hippel Lindau

Autosomal dominant

36
Q

Children who walk on their toes?

A

Duschenes muscular dystrophy

37
Q

MOA and use of methylphenedate?

A

Block NE and Dopamine reuptake

Used in ADHD

38
Q

Cerebral palsy pts have this characteristic gait

A

Scissoring gait

Extreme adductor hypertonicity

39
Q

Focal segmental glomerulonephritis is associated with what two chronic illnesses?

A

HIV and Narcotic abuse

40
Q

Mass in the right upper quadrant in a patient with recent weight loss and is a long term smoker

A

Pancreatic cancer

Couvoisier’s sign–> caused by obstruction of the bile duct by the head of the pancreas

41
Q

Tumor marker associated with pancreatic cancer

A

CA 19-9

42
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with angular chelitis?

A

Vitamin B2–> Riboflavin

43
Q

A mutation in what chromosome is resposible for sickle cell anemia?

AR or AD?

A

Chromosome 11

AR

44
Q

ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation), angiofibromas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, mental retardation

A

Tuberous sclerosis

AD

45
Q

Level and dermatographic distribution of the medial antebrachial cutaneous N.?

A

C8-T1

Medial forearm

46
Q

Function and innervation of the biceps femoris?

A

Knee flexion and hip extension

  • Long head is innervated by the Sciatic (L5-S3)
  • Short head is innervated by the common peroneal branch of the sciatic (L5-S2)
47
Q

Hepatits form that replicates via a reverse transcriptase?

A

Hepatits B

48
Q

This form of hepatitis coats itself with LDL and VLDL to infect hepatocytes

A

Hepatitis C

49
Q

This type of hepatitis has high fetal and pegnancy mortality

A

Hepatitis E

50
Q

Crainal manipulation of this bone is indicated in AOM

A

Temporal.

Most of the eustation tube is closely associated with the temporal bone.

51
Q

First line Tx of diabetes?

A

Metformin

52
Q

What are the first gen atypical antipsychotics?

What are their MOAs?

A

Fluphenazine, haloperidol, droperidol, chlropromazine, thioridizine

–> Inhibition at D2 receptors

53
Q

CAG trinucleotide repeat

A

Huntington disease

–>anticipation caused by alippage of the DNA polymerase during transcription

54
Q

CGG repeat?

A

Fragile X syndrome

55
Q

Study of choice to determin disease prevelance in a population?

A

Cross sectional

56
Q

Drug commonly used as an antispasmotic in COPD and has a common side effect of dry mouth?

A

Theophylline

PDEi

57
Q

DOC for A. isralii causing ‘lumpy jaw’ abscess. (yellow granular discharge)

A

Penicillin

58
Q

H2 blockers like the ones used in GERD all end in what?

A

-DINE

Rinitidine, cimetidine, famotadine etc

59
Q

Tinitus, sensoryneural hearing loss, and vertigo

Roaring in the ears and spinning room

A

Menier’s disease

60
Q

What two muscles are tested with the finklestein test?

A

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

61
Q

Amiodarone can cause what respiratory abnormality?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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