Collaborative model

Question 1

What are the features of a joint action?

Answer 1

> Coordination of knowledge, beliefs and content
Coordination of process
Mutual intention

Question 2

What are the assumptions of a joint action?

Answer 2

> Common ground
Accumulation
Autonomous action

Question 3

How can common ground be accumulated?

Answer 3

Through grounding contributions (corrections, establishments, etc)

Question 4

What are the features of the collaborative model?

Answer 4

> Common ground accrues through grounding contributions

> Contributions require positive evidence of acceptance

Question 5

What are the stages of contributions?

Answer 5

> Presentation

> Acceptance

Question 6

What are the common types of positive evidence of grounding?

Answer 6

> Acknowledgements and back-channel responses
Initiation of the next relevant turn
Continued attention

Question 7

What is collaborative effort?

Answer 7

The effort invested to maintain the mutual intelligibility of the interaction

Question 8

What are the levels of grounding (most to least)?

Answer 8

(4) Joint actions
(3) Meaning and understanding
(2) Recognition of type of event
(1) Notice event
(0) No awareness

Question 9

How does interaction influence levels of grounding?

Answer 9

Levels of grounding change during an interaction, usually between different utterances. If level of grounding falls below 3 repair takes place

Question 10

What are the dimensions of media constraints?

Answer 10

> Copresence
> Visibility
> Audibility
> Contemporality
> Simultaneity
> Sequentiality
> Reviewability
> Revisability

Question 11

What are potential grounding costs?

Answer 11

> Formulation
> Production
> Reception
> Understanding
> Start-up
> Delay
> Asynchronicity
> Speaker change
> Display
> Fault
> Repair

Question 12

How are grounding costs influenced by media?

Answer 12

Different types of media have difference strategies for grounding, and different costs associated with each

Question 13

How do people respond to systems which support natural language dialogues better?

Answer 13

Through use of complex discourse phenomena (eg, ellipsis and pronominals)

Question 14

What are the criticisms of the collaborative model?

Answer 14

> Costs are not quantified
Cost trade-offs are intuitive guesses
Cost categories are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive
Media dimensions are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive