Cold War 2.0

Question 1

Massive Retaliation

Answer 1

Military doctrine proposed by John Foster Dulles on January 12, 1954

“all or nothing” nuclear deterrent. Basically ‘if you bomb us, we’ll bomb you right back’

Question 2

Geneva Conference

Answer 2

Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 1954 following Indochina War

• Agree to end hostility/restore peace in French Indochina
• Geneva Accords split Vietnam into North/South

Question 3

Peaceful Coexistence

Answer 3

Khrushchev wanted peaceful competition between communism/capitalism

• shift in USSR thinking from “war is inevitable if capitalism survives” to nonviolent competition
• international relations = possible/necessary to avoid war

Question 4

Eisenhower Doctrine

Answer 4

Eisenhower wanted to provide support to middle eastern nations fearing Communist takeover after the suez Crisis

• utilized economic support to fight Communism (reminiscent of Marshall Plan)
• also began American commitment to Middle East

Question 5

European Common Market (Treaty of Rome)

Answer 5

April 18, 1961 - 6 European nations signed a treaty establishing coal/steel community to prevent war (basically continue economic prosperity to prevent WWIII)

-further drew economic line between East/West Europe

Question 6

U2 Affair

Answer 6

May 1, 1959 - USSR shot down US U-2 plane on espionage mission in USSR airspace

• US kept claiming it was a passenger plane, not on espionage mission
• USSR had pilot in captivity and insisted it was a military plane
• US finally admitted and had to confess to the entire US nation about lie

-Summit Conference b/w Khrushchev & Eisenhower thus failed

Question 7

Death of Stalin

Answer 7

March 1953

Malenkov = Prime Minister, 
Khrushchev = Communist party leader

power struggle for three years, but K eventually takes power in 1956

Question 8

De Stalinization

Answer 8

Austrian State Treaty May 15, 1955
-withdrawal of all Allied troops in Austria (including Soviets) in exchange for Austrian neutrality

***first time Soviets willfully withdrawn; change of policy/thinking

Question 9

Khrushchev’s speech

Answer 9

praise Stalin’s collectivist/industrial policies but condemn autocratic rule
(appease progressive Politburo members without alienating Stalinists)

Question 10

Soviet foreign relations under Khrushchev

Answer 10

• strengthen ties with west
• supports nations emerging from post WWII recolonization
• no longer willing to help China overthrow Taiwan’s nationalist party

Question 11

Poland

Answer 11

June 1956 = labor unrest - riots against Soviet economic domination
Moscow allowed Poland more control of personal affairs and allowed the Polish Communist Party to expel pro-Moscow members

Question 12

Gomulka

Answer 12

Wladyslaw Gomulka = Polish Communist Party Secretary

Question 13

Polish conclusion

Answer 13

Gomulka wanted to make Poland more nationalist, causing Soviet tanks to prepare to roll in

…eventually Khrushchev curbed them and Gomulka allied with Soviets instead of Germany because of Poland’s strategic location

Question 14

Matyas Rakosi

Answer 14

Hungarian Prime Minister (Stalinist) starting in early 1950s

terrorizing and persecuting
causes SOL to fall and workers/intellectuals to demand liberalization of economy

Question 15

Hungary revolution

Answer 15

October 6, 1956 200,000 Budapest workers/intellectuals protest like in Poznan Poland

Soviets remove Rakosi and replace him with Nagy

Question 16

Hungary under Nagy and Soviet reaction

Answer 16

Want independence and to withdraw from Warsaw Pact; Nagy declares it causing Soviets to enter Hungary on Nov 4, 1956 and ends on the 9th

• Nagy deported to Romania and executed
• leader = Janos

Question 17

Significance of Hungarian revolution

Answer 17

Shows the power of the Red Army

ALSO that independence within the Soviet sphere could be tolerated within boundaries…the bloc couldn’t be threatened

ALSO ALSO US didn’t get involved bc could provoke Soviets into war

Question 18

Dulles

Answer 18

John Foster Dulles = secretary of state

• view that morality must be a foundation for all of America’s foreign dealings
• also threatened nuclear warfare
• neutralism and containment policies no good

Question 19

MAD

Answer 19

Mutual Assured Destruction

if one side attacked the other with nuclear weapons, no truce could ever be reached; the world would fall

Question 20

Guatemala before crisis

Answer 20

Jacabo Arbenz Guzman becomes president in 1954 and decides to nationalize banana company
Dulles’ become worried about activity
Eisenhower doesn’t want to send in troops bc already lost so many in Korea

Question 21

Dulles’ plan for Guatemala

Answer 21

Secretly send in CIA and train the “good” Guatemalans to overthrow Arbenz

• also buy all Guatemalan planes and drop Molotov cocktails over the capital
• kidnap head of military, get him drunk, record him trashing Arbenz, play it over hacked radio

Question 22

Guatemalan conclusion

Answer 22

Arbenz leaves, US instates a leader we like
Cold War victory!

…but backwards. Take out democracy and insert dictatorship

Question 23

Zionism

Answer 23

support creation of Jewish state (Israel) in Palestine

Question 24

Balfour Declaration

Answer 24

1917 - promised British support for establishment of Jewish state
also claimed no action would be taken to infringe upon Palestinian Arabs (not possible)

Question 25

Israel founded on…

Answer 25

…May 14, 1948

Question 26

Arab-Israeli war

Answer 26

Arabs had greater numbers but were ill-trained whereas Czechoslovakian Communists (aka the Soviet puppets) provided Israelis with weapons with which to terrorize Arabs

Dr. Ralph Bunche encouraged disengagement in 1949

Question 27

Struggle with Aswan Dam

Answer 27

July 23 1952 Nasser replaces Egypt’s King Farouk as Middle East’s leading Arab nationalist

• wants to build up Egypt’s economy without the help of US or USSR
• asks for US aid with building dam. aid given, then retracted when US found out that Egypt gained arms from USSR

Question 28

Suez Crisis

Answer 28

July 26, 1956 - Nasser nationalized Suez Canal (i.e. take control away from the British)
-British needs Canal as critical link to far East, and devises plan to go to war with France and Israel

plan: Israel launch preemptive strike, Britain/France intervene to “restore order”

October - Israelis invade Sinai Peninsula, Britain/France bomb military targets next day

• damage Canal instead of regaining control
• US goes to UN who calls for ceasefire