Cold War 2.0 Flashcards
Massive Retaliation
Military doctrine proposed by John Foster Dulles on January 12, 1954
“all or nothing” nuclear deterrent. Basically ‘if you bomb us, we’ll bomb you right back’
Geneva Conference
Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 1954 following Indochina War
- Agree to end hostility/restore peace in French Indochina
- Geneva Accords split Vietnam into North/South
Peaceful Coexistence
Khrushchev wanted peaceful competition between communism/capitalism
- shift in USSR thinking from “war is inevitable if capitalism survives” to nonviolent competition
- international relations = possible/necessary to avoid war
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower wanted to provide support to middle eastern nations fearing Communist takeover after the suez Crisis
- utilized economic support to fight Communism (reminiscent of Marshall Plan)
- also began American commitment to Middle East
European Common Market (Treaty of Rome)
April 18, 1961 - 6 European nations signed a treaty establishing coal/steel community to prevent war (basically continue economic prosperity to prevent WWIII)
-further drew economic line between East/West Europe
U2 Affair
May 1, 1959 - USSR shot down US U-2 plane on espionage mission in USSR airspace
- US kept claiming it was a passenger plane, not on espionage mission
- USSR had pilot in captivity and insisted it was a military plane
- US finally admitted and had to confess to the entire US nation about lie
-Summit Conference b/w Khrushchev & Eisenhower thus failed
Death of Stalin
March 1953
Malenkov = Prime Minister, Khrushchev = Communist party leader
power struggle for three years, but K eventually takes power in 1956
De Stalinization
Austrian State Treaty May 15, 1955
-withdrawal of all Allied troops in Austria (including Soviets) in exchange for Austrian neutrality
***first time Soviets willfully withdrawn; change of policy/thinking
Khrushchev’s speech
praise Stalin’s collectivist/industrial policies but condemn autocratic rule
(appease progressive Politburo members without alienating Stalinists)
Soviet foreign relations under Khrushchev
- strengthen ties with west
- supports nations emerging from post WWII recolonization
- no longer willing to help China overthrow Taiwan’s nationalist party
Poland
June 1956 = labor unrest - riots against Soviet economic domination
Moscow allowed Poland more control of personal affairs and allowed the Polish Communist Party to expel pro-Moscow members
Gomulka
Wladyslaw Gomulka = Polish Communist Party Secretary
Polish conclusion
Gomulka wanted to make Poland more nationalist, causing Soviet tanks to prepare to roll in
…eventually Khrushchev curbed them and Gomulka allied with Soviets instead of Germany because of Poland’s strategic location
Matyas Rakosi
Hungarian Prime Minister (Stalinist) starting in early 1950s
terrorizing and persecuting
causes SOL to fall and workers/intellectuals to demand liberalization of economy
Hungary revolution
October 6, 1956 200,000 Budapest workers/intellectuals protest like in Poznan Poland
Soviets remove Rakosi and replace him with Nagy
Hungary under Nagy and Soviet reaction
Want independence and to withdraw from Warsaw Pact; Nagy declares it causing Soviets to enter Hungary on Nov 4, 1956 and ends on the 9th
- Nagy deported to Romania and executed
- leader = Janos
Significance of Hungarian revolution
Shows the power of the Red Army
ALSO that independence within the Soviet sphere could be tolerated within boundaries…the bloc couldn’t be threatened
ALSO ALSO US didn’t get involved bc could provoke Soviets into war
Dulles
John Foster Dulles = secretary of state
- view that morality must be a foundation for all of America’s foreign dealings
- also threatened nuclear warfare
- neutralism and containment policies no good
MAD
Mutual Assured Destruction
if one side attacked the other with nuclear weapons, no truce could ever be reached; the world would fall
Guatemala before crisis
Jacabo Arbenz Guzman becomes president in 1954 and decides to nationalize banana company
Dulles’ become worried about activity
Eisenhower doesn’t want to send in troops bc already lost so many in Korea
Dulles’ plan for Guatemala
Secretly send in CIA and train the “good” Guatemalans to overthrow Arbenz
- also buy all Guatemalan planes and drop Molotov cocktails over the capital
- kidnap head of military, get him drunk, record him trashing Arbenz, play it over hacked radio
Guatemalan conclusion
Arbenz leaves, US instates a leader we like
Cold War victory!
…but backwards. Take out democracy and insert dictatorship
Zionism
support creation of Jewish state (Israel) in Palestine
Balfour Declaration
1917 - promised British support for establishment of Jewish state
also claimed no action would be taken to infringe upon Palestinian Arabs (not possible)
Israel founded on…
…May 14, 1948
Arab-Israeli war
Arabs had greater numbers but were ill-trained whereas Czechoslovakian Communists (aka the Soviet puppets) provided Israelis with weapons with which to terrorize Arabs
Dr. Ralph Bunche encouraged disengagement in 1949
Struggle with Aswan Dam
July 23 1952 Nasser replaces Egypt’s King Farouk as Middle East’s leading Arab nationalist
- wants to build up Egypt’s economy without the help of US or USSR
- asks for US aid with building dam. aid given, then retracted when US found out that Egypt gained arms from USSR
Suez Crisis
July 26, 1956 - Nasser nationalized Suez Canal (i.e. take control away from the British)
-British needs Canal as critical link to far East, and devises plan to go to war with France and Israel
plan: Israel launch preemptive strike, Britain/France intervene to “restore order”
October - Israelis invade Sinai Peninsula, Britain/France bomb military targets next day
- damage Canal instead of regaining control
- US goes to UN who calls for ceasefire
