Cold War Flashcards
When was the truman doctrine made
1947
What did the truman doctrine do? (5)
Isolationism to containmentism (Communist expansion outside small number countries)
Give Greece & Turkey $400 mil & millitary aid
Tensions rose
USA directly against spread communism
Capitalust democracy & communist thrany
When was Marshall plan?
1948-1952
What did marshall plan do? (4)
Gave $12.7 bil in aid (prevent countries in europe turn communist)
Countries on marshall plan told help build up others economy
Turned Europe now made of 2 economic groups
Tensions rose
What was Marshall plan?
Practical outcome of truman doctrine (provide economic aid to war torn contries)
What was dollar imperialism?
Name given by Stalin on Truman spreading dollar through Europe
Impact of Truman doctrine & Marshall plan (5)
USA direct opposition against USSR & inviting support from other countries
End of Grand Alliance
Reinforce Stalin suspiscion USA trying crush USSR
Led to Stalin retalliating with Comecon & Cominform
Tensions rise
When was cominform (Communist Information Bureau) formed?
1947
Who took part in Cominform?
All Soviet Republics
Satellite e.g. Bulgaria, Poland & Romania
Along with Yugoslavia
What did Cominform do? (2 (1 contains 3 parts))
Gave Stalin direct control satellite state gove (had directly report to Moscow)
Members encouraged: Trade inside Cominform
Not contact non-Communist countries
Marshall plan rejected
Where was Cominform based?
Initialy Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
But due USSR & Yugoslavia groing tension Yogoslavia expelled & headquarters move in June 1948 to Bucharest (Romania)
When was Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic assistance) formed?
25th Jan 1949 (2yrs after Marshall plan)
What was Comecon? (2)
Mrshall plan alternative for Eastern Europe (blocked reception of Marshall plan)
Support economic dev member states
Who was in Comecon?
USSR
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
East Germany
Later joined by Albania
What did Comecon do? (3)
Provide aid line with Communist princaples
1953 tried organise industrial planning accross member states
Discourage trade with Capitalist countries e.g. Bulgaria trade with member states 1930s 10%, by 1951 up to 90%
When was the Berlin Crisis
1948-49
How many zones were there in Germany
4 (USA, USSR, Britain & France (Allied Control Commission) (lasted many years)
When was the Bizonia formed
1947
What was the bizonia
Britihs & USA zones combined
when was Trizonia formed
March 1948
What was the Trizonia
France adding zone to Bizonia
Consequences of Trizonia (3)
US-USSR relations worsened (Stalin thought West trying make East Soviet Germany poor)
Split between Capitalist West Germany & Soviet Communist East Germany
Deutschmark
When was Deutschmark formed
June 1948
What was the Deutschmark
New currency only for West Germany
Consequence of Deutscmark
East & West Germany now have different economies
When was the Berlin Blockade
June 1948 - 9th May 1949
What was Berlin blockade
Soviet shut off land routes & communications from West Germany to West Berlin
Stalin wanted this allow him take control Berlin
What was Operation Vittles (Berlin Airlift) (2)
Flying in necessities (e.g. food, coal) (Jan no less than 170000 tonnes supplies delivered)
This happened as driving over shut off land routes is an act of war
Consequences of Berlin Airlift (4)
Berlin blockade called off 9th May 1949
Due to peace ful solutio from West Stalins actions look aggressive
New runway & airport built (Berlin-Tempelhof & Berlin Tegel)
Tensions rise
When was Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (West Germany) formed
23rd May 1949
When & who was the first denocratically elected leader of FRG?
15th Sept 1949
Konrad Adenauer
What was the new capital of FRG?
Bonn
When was German Democratic Republic (GDR) (East Germany) formed?
Oct 1949
When did West recognise GDR?
Late 1970s
When was North Atlanic Treaty Organisation (NATO) formed?
April 1949
Why was NATO formed?
Stalin trying take control Berlin & Czechoslovakia that yr
What was NATO main policy?
If one member attacks/attacked other member help
When was Warsaw pact formed
May 1955
Why was Warsay pact formed (2)
FRG joning NATO May 1955 (Stalin didn’t want strong Germany on Border)
Be Communist NATO equivalent
Who were Warsaw pact members
USSR
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Romania
Albania
GDR
Consequence NATO & Warsw pact (3)
Millitary East & West bloc
2 Europes (Capitalist West & Communist East)
Hostility between blocs led to bad relations next 35 yrs
When was the Hungarian Uprising
1956
What happened in Hungarian Uprising (8)
1956: Hungarians protesting lack – political freedom, fuel shortages & poor harvest, Oct – capital (Budapest) police & protesters clash
Khrushchev appoints new prime minister Nagy (Nagy believes – freedom under communist
regime)
Nagy made reforms allowing other political parties, setting free political prisoners & persuaded Khrushchev – remove troops
1st Nov 1956: Nagy announces Hungary leaving Warsaw pact Khrushchev not allow this – happen
4th Nov 1956 1000 tanks roll – Budapest Nagy’s supporters put up fight & begged West – help (final sent telegram “HELP,HELP,HELP!) West never came with aid
Up - 20000 Hungarians killed & new pro communist gov set up under Janos Kadar
Kadar promised Nagy passage out – embassy where hidden, but when left captured by Soviet
agents
1958: gov reported Nagy had been trialed & executed
Hungarian uprising Consequences (3)
Khrushchev looks strong (has more confidence dealing with USA
Eisenhower look weak as didn’t help after telling Communist countries fight back
Tensions rise
When was the Arms race
1945-58
When did the USA use first atomic bomb
1945 over Hiroshima & Nagasaki
What impact did 1945 atomic bomb have on USA-USSR relations
Worsened as USSR felt left in dark about this new weapon
When did USSR their first atomic bomb
1949
When did USA make hydrogen bomb
1952
When did USSR make own hydrogen bomb
1953
When did USSR make Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
1957
When did USSR get own ICBM
1959
Hydrogen bomb
1000x more powerful than atomic bomb
ICBM
Nuclear warhead capable hitting target 4500 km away
Other forms of the arms race
Large armies
Naval fleets
Submarines
Conventional weapon stocks
Nuclear warhead stocks
What was the point of the arms race (2)
To show who had better weapons & military
Nuclear weapons became deterrant of war
When was Dwight Eisenhower elected
1952
When did Dwight Eisenhower take office
Jan 1953
What was Dwight Eisnehowers presidential campaign
Anti-communist
What did Dwight Eisnhower want (3)
Stop USSR expansion
Prevent nuclear war
Improve USA-USSR relations
When did Stalin die
5th March 1953
Who succeded Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev
When did Nikita Khrushchev take power
1956
What did Khrushchev want (2)
Undo what Stalin did (de-Stalinisation)
Coexist with West
When did USSR recogise FRG
1955
When was summit agreeing how Austria governed
1955
When was Geneva summit
July 1955
What happened at Geneva summit (2)
No agreement made (Germanies future & disarmament)
Relations improved
When was the Cuban missile crisis
16th Oct - 29th Oct 1962
What happened in the Cuban missile crisis (6)
16th Oct: Kennedy calls executive committee (Excomm) - discuss missiles – Cuba, met – 13 days
22nd Oct: Naval blockade around Cuba made, ships can’t pass through without US permission. Expected USSR – attack & war start prepped 54 bombs & 4 nuclear warheads
24th Oct: Soviets reach blockade & turn around
26th Oct: Khrushchev telegram – Kennedy saying remove missiles if US promises not – attack Cuba
27th Oct: Before Kennedy can respond, Khrushchev sends new telegram saying remove missiles if US removes missiles – Turkey. American U2 plane shot over Cuba Hawks demand military action
28th Oct: Kennedy agrees – first telegram Khrushchev accepts. We now know Robert (Kennedy’s little brother) went – see Soviet ambassador day before, 6 months later missiles – Turkey removed , deal kept secret
Why did USA not want nuclear missiles in Cuba
If missiles fired wouldnt have time to reac
Hawks
Favour millitary solution to problems
Doves
Favour diplomatic solution to problems
Of cuban missile crisis Consequences (4)
June 1963 direct comms from Washington to Moscow set up (hotline)
Aug 1963 nuclear warhead test ban treaty signed by USA, USSR & GB (cant test nukes: outer space, under water & atmosphere) this helped controlling nuclear warheads
1967 Outer Space Treaty USA & USSR begin space race so poss launching nukes from space more likely, treaty prevent using space for millitary (ruled out putting nuclear weapons in orbit)
1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed – stop spread – nuclear weapons. Countries signed up - treaty agreed – not share share their nuclear technology – other countries
What happened in prague spring (9)
Dubcek new leader of Czechoslovakia Jan 1968:
Committed to Warsaw pact & devout communist (would remain ally to Moscow)
Wanted make Czech people‘s liver easier (“Communism with a human face”)
“Prague Spring” reforms April 1968:
Relaxed censorship (freedom of speech & opposition parties allowed)
Increased trade with West
Czech people have greater freedom – travel abroad (border with West Germany reopened & to rest of west)
Trade Unions & workers have more power
Industry de-centralised
Czech happy (Czech had more control over country & USSR had less)
Brezhnev disappointed with reforms (scared other Warsaw pact members would want same)
Brezhnev tried stop Dubcek going too far:
Ordered Warsaw pact troops manoeuvres in Czech as threat
Dubcek invited 2 other rebel leaders (e.g. Tito Yugoslavia leader) – country for talks
20th Aug 1968:
500000 Warsaw pact troops invade Czech & ended Prague Spring
Faced some resistance (blocking roads, 1 student burnt himself alive & attack individual tanks
Dubcek arrested
Husak appointed as new leader (Czechoslovakia remained communist 20yrs)
Respone to Prague Spring (3)
UN denounced incasion offering solution (withdrawing WArsaw pavt troops USSR vetoed this)
West condemned this but no interference (worried getting involved with USSR sphere of influence)
Western communist parties denounced actions & distanced themselves from USSR influence
When was the prague spring
1968
USSR benefit prague spring (6)
Czechoslovakia return to USSR style communism
Brezhenev establish authority over eastern bloc
Brezenhev showed USA he is strong
Breazhenev showed prepared invade satellite states
Brezhenev doctrine (protect communism where under threat, control over satellite states increase & show eastern bloc can’t give up communism with no invasion)
Despite relaxation cold war not over
Consequences of prague spring
Tensions rise
When did Gorbachev take over USSR
March 1985 (youngest to enter Politburo aged 54)
Perestroika (4)
Reconstrucion of USSR economy
USSR economy now include capitalist ideas
Trade allowed with western powers
Move away from centrallisation of industry (businesses can sell what want & make profit)
Glasnost (6)
More openess in USSR gov
less corruption in gov
Free speach allowed
Censorship relaxed
Thousands political prisoners released
1989 first USSR elected parliment (officials chosen by people)
What did Gorbachev do to Brezhnev doctrine (2)
No longer followed
Can no longer involve in affairs of oter communist countries
What did Gorbachev do to Afghanistan war (2)
Reduce spending on arms & deffence
Withdrew from afghanistan
