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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the truman doctrine made

A

1947

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2
Q

What did the truman doctrine do? (5)

A

Isolationism to containmentism (Communist expansion outside small number countries)

Give Greece & Turkey $400 mil & millitary aid

Tensions rose

USA directly against spread communism

Capitalust democracy & communist thrany

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3
Q

When was Marshall plan?

A

1948-1952

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4
Q

What did marshall plan do? (4)

A

Gave $12.7 bil in aid (prevent countries in europe turn communist)

Countries on marshall plan told help build up others economy

Turned Europe now made of 2 economic groups

Tensions rose

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5
Q

What was Marshall plan?

A

Practical outcome of truman doctrine (provide economic aid to war torn contries)

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6
Q

What was dollar imperialism?

A

Name given by Stalin on Truman spreading dollar through Europe

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7
Q

Impact of Truman doctrine & Marshall plan (5)

A

USA direct opposition against USSR & inviting support from other countries

End of Grand Alliance

Reinforce Stalin suspiscion USA trying crush USSR

Led to Stalin retalliating with Comecon & Cominform

Tensions rise

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8
Q

When was cominform (Communist Information Bureau) formed?

A

1947

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9
Q

Who took part in Cominform?

A

All Soviet Republics
Satellite e.g. Bulgaria, Poland & Romania
Along with Yugoslavia

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10
Q

What did Cominform do? (2 (1 contains 3 parts))

A

Gave Stalin direct control satellite state gove (had directly report to Moscow)

Members encouraged: Trade inside Cominform
Not contact non-Communist countries
Marshall plan rejected

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11
Q

Where was Cominform based?

A

Initialy Belgrade (Yugoslavia)

But due USSR & Yugoslavia groing tension Yogoslavia expelled & headquarters move in June 1948 to Bucharest (Romania)

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12
Q

When was Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic assistance) formed?

A

25th Jan 1949 (2yrs after Marshall plan)

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13
Q

What was Comecon? (2)

A

Mrshall plan alternative for Eastern Europe (blocked reception of Marshall plan)

Support economic dev member states

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14
Q

Who was in Comecon?

A

USSR
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
East Germany
Later joined by Albania

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15
Q

What did Comecon do? (3)

A

Provide aid line with Communist princaples

1953 tried organise industrial planning accross member states

Discourage trade with Capitalist countries e.g. Bulgaria trade with member states 1930s 10%, by 1951 up to 90%

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16
Q

When was the Berlin Crisis

A

1948-49

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17
Q

How many zones were there in Germany

A

4 (USA, USSR, Britain & France (Allied Control Commission) (lasted many years)

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18
Q

When was the Bizonia formed

A

1947

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19
Q

What was the bizonia

A

Britihs & USA zones combined

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20
Q

when was Trizonia formed

A

March 1948

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21
Q

What was the Trizonia

A

France adding zone to Bizonia

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22
Q

Consequences of Trizonia (3)

A

US-USSR relations worsened (Stalin thought West trying make East Soviet Germany poor)

Split between Capitalist West Germany & Soviet Communist East Germany

Deutschmark

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23
Q

When was Deutschmark formed

A

June 1948

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24
Q

What was the Deutschmark

A

New currency only for West Germany

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25
Q

Consequence of Deutscmark

A

East & West Germany now have different economies

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26
Q

When was the Berlin Blockade

A

June 1948 - 9th May 1949

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27
Q

What was Berlin blockade

A

Soviet shut off land routes & communications from West Germany to West Berlin

Stalin wanted this allow him take control Berlin

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28
Q

What was Operation Vittles (Berlin Airlift) (2)

A

Flying in necessities (e.g. food, coal) (Jan no less than 170000 tonnes supplies delivered)

This happened as driving over shut off land routes is an act of war

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29
Q

Consequences of Berlin Airlift (4)

A

Berlin blockade called off 9th May 1949

Due to peace ful solutio from West Stalins actions look aggressive

New runway & airport built (Berlin-Tempelhof & Berlin Tegel)

Tensions rise

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30
Q

When was Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (West Germany) formed

A

23rd May 1949

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31
Q

When & who was the first denocratically elected leader of FRG?

A

15th Sept 1949

Konrad Adenauer

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32
Q

What was the new capital of FRG?

A

Bonn

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33
Q

When was German Democratic Republic (GDR) (East Germany) formed?

A

Oct 1949

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34
Q

When did West recognise GDR?

A

Late 1970s

35
Q

When was North Atlanic Treaty Organisation (NATO) formed?

A

April 1949

36
Q

Why was NATO formed?

A

Stalin trying take control Berlin & Czechoslovakia that yr

37
Q

What was NATO main policy?

A

If one member attacks/attacked other member help

38
Q

When was Warsaw pact formed

A

May 1955

39
Q

Why was Warsay pact formed (2)

A

FRG joning NATO May 1955 (Stalin didn’t want strong Germany on Border)

Be Communist NATO equivalent

40
Q

Who were Warsaw pact members

A

USSR
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Romania
Albania
GDR

41
Q

Consequence NATO & Warsw pact (3)

A

Millitary East & West bloc

2 Europes (Capitalist West & Communist East)

Hostility between blocs led to bad relations next 35 yrs

42
Q

When was the Hungarian Uprising

A

1956

43
Q

What happened in Hungarian Uprising (8)

A

1956: Hungarians protesting lack – political freedom, fuel shortages & poor harvest, Oct – capital (Budapest) police & protesters clash

Khrushchev appoints new prime minister Nagy (Nagy believes – freedom under communist
regime)

Nagy made reforms allowing other political parties, setting free political prisoners & persuaded Khrushchev – remove troops

1st Nov 1956: Nagy announces Hungary leaving Warsaw pact Khrushchev not allow this – happen

4th Nov 1956 1000 tanks roll – Budapest Nagy’s supporters put up fight & begged West – help (final sent telegram “HELP,HELP,HELP!) West never came with aid

Up - 20000 Hungarians killed & new pro communist gov set up under Janos Kadar

Kadar promised Nagy passage out – embassy where hidden, but when left captured by Soviet
agents

1958: gov reported Nagy had been trialed & executed

44
Q

Hungarian uprising Consequences (3)

A

Khrushchev looks strong (has more confidence dealing with USA

Eisenhower look weak as didn’t help after telling Communist countries fight back

Tensions rise

45
Q

When was the Arms race

A

1945-58

46
Q

When did the USA use first atomic bomb

A

1945 over Hiroshima & Nagasaki

47
Q

What impact did 1945 atomic bomb have on USA-USSR relations

A

Worsened as USSR felt left in dark about this new weapon

48
Q

When did USSR their first atomic bomb

A

1949

49
Q

When did USA make hydrogen bomb

A

1952

50
Q

When did USSR make own hydrogen bomb

A

1953

51
Q

When did USSR make Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

A

1957

52
Q

When did USSR get own ICBM

A

1959

53
Q

Hydrogen bomb

A

1000x more powerful than atomic bomb

54
Q

ICBM

A

Nuclear warhead capable hitting target 4500 km away

55
Q

Other forms of the arms race

A

Large armies
Naval fleets
Submarines
Conventional weapon stocks
Nuclear warhead stocks

56
Q

What was the point of the arms race (2)

A

To show who had better weapons & military

Nuclear weapons became deterrant of war

57
Q

When was Dwight Eisenhower elected

A

1952

58
Q

When did Dwight Eisenhower take office

A

Jan 1953

59
Q

What was Dwight Eisnehowers presidential campaign

A

Anti-communist

60
Q

What did Dwight Eisnhower want (3)

A

Stop USSR expansion

Prevent nuclear war

Improve USA-USSR relations

61
Q

When did Stalin die

A

5th March 1953

62
Q

Who succeded Stalin

A

Nikita Khrushchev

63
Q

When did Nikita Khrushchev take power

A

1956

64
Q

What did Khrushchev want (2)

A

Undo what Stalin did (de-Stalinisation)

Coexist with West

65
Q

When did USSR recogise FRG

A

1955

66
Q

When was summit agreeing how Austria governed

A

1955

67
Q

When was Geneva summit

A

July 1955

68
Q

What happened at Geneva summit (2)

A

No agreement made (Germanies future & disarmament)

Relations improved

69
Q

When was the Cuban missile crisis

A

16th Oct - 29th Oct 1962

70
Q

What happened in the Cuban missile crisis (6)

A

16th Oct: Kennedy calls executive committee (Excomm) - discuss missiles – Cuba, met – 13 days

22nd Oct: Naval blockade around Cuba made, ships can’t pass through without US permission. Expected USSR – attack & war start prepped 54 bombs & 4 nuclear warheads

24th Oct: Soviets reach blockade & turn around

26th Oct: Khrushchev telegram – Kennedy saying remove missiles if US promises not – attack Cuba

27th Oct: Before Kennedy can respond, Khrushchev sends new telegram saying remove missiles if US removes missiles – Turkey. American U2 plane shot over Cuba Hawks demand military action

28th Oct: Kennedy agrees – first telegram Khrushchev accepts. We now know Robert (Kennedy’s little brother) went – see Soviet ambassador day before, 6 months later missiles – Turkey removed , deal kept secret

71
Q

Why did USA not want nuclear missiles in Cuba

A

If missiles fired wouldnt have time to reac

72
Q

Hawks

A

Favour millitary solution to problems

73
Q

Doves

A

Favour diplomatic solution to problems

74
Q

Of cuban missile crisis Consequences (4)

A

June 1963 direct comms from Washington to Moscow set up (hotline)

Aug 1963 nuclear warhead test ban treaty signed by USA, USSR & GB (cant test nukes: outer space, under water & atmosphere) this helped controlling nuclear warheads

1967 Outer Space Treaty USA & USSR begin space race so poss launching nukes from space more likely, treaty prevent using space for millitary (ruled out putting nuclear weapons in orbit)

1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed – stop spread – nuclear weapons. Countries signed up - treaty agreed – not share share their nuclear technology – other countries

75
Q

What happened in prague spring (9)

A

Dubcek new leader of Czechoslovakia Jan 1968:
Committed to Warsaw pact & devout communist (would remain ally to Moscow)
Wanted make Czech people‘s liver easier (“Communism with a human face”)

“Prague Spring” reforms April 1968:
Relaxed censorship (freedom of speech & opposition parties allowed)
Increased trade with West
Czech people have greater freedom – travel abroad (border with West Germany reopened & to rest of west)
Trade Unions & workers have more power
Industry de-centralised

Czech happy (Czech had more control over country & USSR had less)

Brezhnev disappointed with reforms (scared other Warsaw pact members would want same)

Brezhnev tried stop Dubcek going too far:
Ordered Warsaw pact troops manoeuvres in Czech as threat

Dubcek invited 2 other rebel leaders (e.g. Tito Yugoslavia leader) – country for talks

20th Aug 1968:
500000 Warsaw pact troops invade Czech & ended Prague Spring
Faced some resistance (blocking roads, 1 student burnt himself alive & attack individual tanks

Dubcek arrested

Husak appointed as new leader (Czechoslovakia remained communist 20yrs)

76
Q

Respone to Prague Spring (3)

A

UN denounced incasion offering solution (withdrawing WArsaw pavt troops USSR vetoed this)

West condemned this but no interference (worried getting involved with USSR sphere of influence)

Western communist parties denounced actions & distanced themselves from USSR influence

77
Q

When was the prague spring

A

1968

78
Q

USSR benefit prague spring (6)

A

Czechoslovakia return to USSR style communism

Brezhenev establish authority over eastern bloc

Brezenhev showed USA he is strong

Breazhenev showed prepared invade satellite states

Brezhenev doctrine (protect communism where under threat, control over satellite states increase & show eastern bloc can’t give up communism with no invasion)

Despite relaxation cold war not over

79
Q

Consequences of prague spring

A

Tensions rise

80
Q

When did Gorbachev take over USSR

A

March 1985 (youngest to enter Politburo aged 54)

81
Q

Perestroika (4)

A

Reconstrucion of USSR economy

USSR economy now include capitalist ideas

Trade allowed with western powers

Move away from centrallisation of industry (businesses can sell what want & make profit)

82
Q

Glasnost (6)

A

More openess in USSR gov

less corruption in gov

Free speach allowed

Censorship relaxed

Thousands political prisoners released

1989 first USSR elected parliment (officials chosen by people)

83
Q

What did Gorbachev do to Brezhnev doctrine (2)

A

No longer followed

Can no longer involve in affairs of oter communist countries

84
Q

What did Gorbachev do to Afghanistan war (2)

A

Reduce spending on arms & deffence

Withdrew from afghanistan

History (10 decks)

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