Cognitive (sensory, perceptual, motor) - children

Question 1

When do children have memory for mother’s voice?

Answer 1

In the uterus

Question 2

When do children have memory for mother’s face?

Answer 2

During the first day of life, 2-3 month olds have a preference for attractive faces

Question 3

What are infants better than older children and adults at?

Answer 3

Perception of phonetic contrasts

Question 4

When do children understand object’s properties

Answer 4

3 months

Question 5

When are the simple reflexes present (functional and vestigial)

Answer 5

At birth

Question 6

When can children hold their head up 90 degrees?

Answer 6

4 months

Question 7

When can children sit unsupported?

Answer 7

7 months

Question 8

When can children stand alone?

Answer 8

13 months

Question 9

When can children walk a few steps?

Answer 9

15 months

Question 10

When do primary circular reactions occur?

Answer 10

1-4 months

Question 11

When do secondary circular reactions occur?

Answer 11

4-12 months

Question 12

When do tertiary circular reactions occur?

Answer 12

12-24 months

Question 13

What are motor skills?

Answer 13

Functions involving the precise movement of muscles to achieve a particular intent

Question 14

What is sensation?

Answer 14

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Question 15

What is perception?

Answer 15

Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory

Question 16

What is intermodal perception?

Answer 16

We make sense of simultaneous input from more than one modality (sensory system)

Question 17

What are amodal sensory properties?

Answer 17

Information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems

Question 18

What is shape and size constancy in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 18

Objects remain the same although they change their appearance depending on the distance from the observer

Question 19

What is solidity in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 19

Two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time

Question 20

What is continuity in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 20

Objects exist continuously in time and space even if not seen

Question 21

What is connected surface in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 21

If two surfaces are connected, they belong to the same object

Question 22

What is support in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 22

Unsupported objects fall

Question 23

What is cross-modal congruence in the understanding of key properties of objects?

Answer 23

Stimulation coming from the same object is consistent across modalities

Question 24

What are cephalocaudal trends?

Answer 24

Head to toe

Question 25

What are proximodistal trends?

Answer 25

Near to far

Question 26

How is perception and action rewarded?

Answer 26

Children perceive and act for their own sake, not only for external rewards. There is an interest in novel stimuli. There is enjoyment in repletion of familiar patterns - circular reactions. Children are active, not reactive.

Question 27

What is the function of perception?

Answer 27

Achieving control over environment, and forming expectations. Human children are attuned to perceive those aspects of the environment that are essential for survival.

Question 28

What is the concept of affordances?

Answer 28

Perception of things can show tacit understanding of what they can offer, or the dangers they can bring.

Question 29

What is canalization?

Answer 29

Dominant role of biological maturation for motor and perceptual development

Question 30

What is progressive integration?

Answer 30

Individual simple skills get coordinated into complex and flexible systems

Question 31

What is localisation?

Answer 31

Infants demonstrate awareness of sounds in their environment by turning toward and visually searching for the source of a sound Auditory-visual association marks the beginning of an infants conceptual grasp of cause and effect

Question 32

When do children attempt to turn head?

Answer 32

3-4 months

Question 33

When does localisation to the side only occur?

Answer 33

4-7 months

Question 34

When does localisation to side or below occur?

Answer 34

7-13 months

Question 35

When does localisation to the side, below or above occur?

Answer 35

13-21 months

Question 36

When does direct localisation to any angle occur?

Answer 36

21-24 months

Question 37

What is a foundation of communication according to Bruner (1977)?

Answer 37

Joint visual attention

Question 38

What does joint attention achieve?

Answer 38

Links utterances and concepts/objects and is often developed through routines

Question 39

What do routines consist of?

Answer 39

Routines are often sound-gesture games - ritualised between adult and infant such as 'peekaboo'

Question 40

What are the features of joint attention?

Answer 40

Has a definite structure with a clear beginning, middle and end - clearly specified positions for vocalisations Allows for anticipation of events and increases potential for successful child-adult interaction