Attachment and early caregiver-infant relationships

Question 1

What are the key names for Attachment Theory?

Answer 1

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth

Question 2

What is attachment theory?

Answer 2

Strong emotional bonds = a basic component of human nature, which is already present in germinal form in the neonate.
Emphasises the relational basis of all communication, which has:
- Ontogenetic importance (leads to baby being cared for)
- Phylogenetic importance (which benefits the species)

Question 3

What is an affectional bond?

Answer 3

A ‘special’ tie between two individuals - a desire to maintain closeness

Question 4

What is attachment?

Answer 4

A variety of affectional bonds, where sense of security is bound up in the relationship

Question 5

What are attachment behaviours?

Answer 5

Behaviours which facilitate physical proximity to and interaction with an attached individual

Question 6

What is the first development of parent-child interaction and relationships (according to Bowlby)?

Answer 6

Early ‘non-intentional’ infant behaviour attachment behaviours (from birth)

Question 7

What is the second development of parent-child interaction and relationships (according to Bowlby)?

Answer 7

Beginnings of intentional attachment behaviours (from 3 months)

Question 8

What are the third developments of parent-child interaction and relationships (according to Bowlby)?

Answer 8

Secure base behaviours and social anxiety behaviours (from 6 months)

Question 9

When does stranger anxiety occur?

Answer 9

Rare before 5/6 months
Usually emerges between 6-9 months
Begins to decline after 12-16 months

Question 10

When does separation anxiety occur?

Answer 10

Begins around 9 months

Continues for longer

Question 11

What is secure attachment?

Answer 11

The child uses the parent as a safe base and is readily consoled after separation when fearful or when otherwise stressed.

Question 12

What is insecure attachment?

Answer 12

The child does not use the parent as a safe base and is not readily consoled by the parent if upset

Question 13

What is avoidant insecure attachment?

Answer 13

Child avoids contact with mother, especially at reunion after an absence

Question 14

What is ambivalent insecure attachment?

Answer 14

Child shows little exploration and is wary of a stranger. Upset when separated from mother but not reassured by comforting

Question 15

What is disorganised/disoriented insecure attachment?

Answer 15

Child may show contradictory behaviour patterns simultaneously, e.g. averting gaze while moving towards mother