Cognitive Psychology Lecture 01 - Part 4 (Frameworks for explaining cognition) Flashcards
What is information processing theory?
Information processing theory is an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory. It is based on the idea that humans do not merely respond to stimuli from the environment. Instead, humans process the information they receive.
What are the 3 stages of information processing?
Information processing includes three distinct stages, stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming(motor execution).
Which cognitive theory uses the analogy of the mind like a computer?
The use of the computer as a tool for thinking how the human mind handles information is known as the computer analogy. Essentially, a computer codes (i.e., changes) information, stores information, uses information, and produces an output (retrieves info).
What is production system in psychology?
A rule-based computer program that makes decisions or solves problems (see rule-based system). It operates according to a set of if–then (i.e., state–action) rules, such that if a certain state occurs, then an associated action is executed, thus altering the state, which produces a new action, and so on.
-Condition
-Action
If…then profiles
A methodology for describing personal dispositions in which within-person variations across social contexts are charted in terms of the behaviors evoked by particular situations. [developed by Austrian-born U.S. personality psychologist Walter Mischel (1930– ) and Japanese-born U.S. psychologist Yuichi Shoda]
What is procedural memory?
Long-term memory for the skills involved in particular tasks. Procedural memory is demonstrated by skilled performance and is often separate from the ability to verbalize this knowledge (see declarative memory). Knowing how to type or skate, for example, requires procedural memory. Also called sensorimotor memory.
What is semantic memory?
Memory for general factual knowledge and concepts, of the kind that endows information with meaning and ultimately allows people to engage in such complex cognitive processes as recognizing objects and using language. Impairments of semantic memory may be seen following brain injury as well as in certain neurological disorders, particularly dementia. For instance, people with Alzheimer’s disease often find it increasingly difficult to categorize and name items (i.e., to refer to an apple as an apple) as their memory deficits worsen. Semantic memory is considered by many theorists to be one of the two forms of declarative memory, the other being episodic memory. [defined in 1972 by Endel Tulving]
What does nodes mean in psychology?
Nodes typically represent a single concept or feature, are connected to other nodes (usually representing semantically related concepts and features) by links in an associative network, and may be activated or inhibited to varying degrees depending on the conditions.
What is Links?
Illustrate the relationship between the concepts (Nodes).
What is a semantic network?
A semantic network is a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind. A network consists of a set of nodes and a set of edges. Each node in the network denotes a concept in semantic memory, such as fish or purple
What is a priming effect?
What is Priming? Priming, or, the Priming Effect, occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus, without any awareness of the connection. These stimuli are often related to words or images that people see during their day-to-day lives
How do you define spreading activation?
Spreading activation is the name of the process that computes activation values over a set of chunks. The spread of activation from one cognitive structure to another is determined by weighting values on the associations among chunks.
What Is a Retrieval Cue?
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help people retrieve memories. Retrieval cues can be present in the external environment, such as sounds, smells, and sights. Retrieval cues can also be internal to the person retrieving the memory, such as physical states or feelings.
tip of the tongue phenomenon
The “tip of the tongue” (TOT) phenomenon is a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning. Several hundred such states were precipitated by reading to Ss the difinitions of English words of low frequency and asking them to try to recall the words.
What is threshold for action potential?
The threshold is the value of the membrane potential which, if reached, leads to the all-or-nothing initiation of an action potential. The initial or rising phase of the action potential is called the depolarizing phase or the upstroke.
