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Geography > coasts > Flashcards

coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

(river) source

A

where a river begins

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2
Q

(river) drainage basin

A

the area from the water drains into the river

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3
Q

(river) water shed

A

an imaginary line that separates two drainage basins

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4
Q

(river) confluence

A

the point where 2 rivers join together

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5
Q

(river) tribute /tributes

A

smaller rice s which join the main river

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6
Q

(river) floodplain

A

land that floods when rivers overflow

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7
Q

(river) mouth

A

where the river flows into the sea or lake

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8
Q

(river) river bed

A

bottem of a river channel

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9
Q

(river) riverbank

A

the side of a river channel

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10
Q

(river) channel

A

river flows in it

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11
Q

(river) abrasion

A

bed+bank are worn down by load

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12
Q

(river) corrosion

A

chemical action of river water

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13
Q

(river) hydraulic action

A

involves the force of water against bed + banks

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14
Q

(river) attrition

A

the load carried by the river bump into each other

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15
Q

(river) spurs

A

river meets areas of harder rock
it can’t cut through
instead wind around them

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16
Q

(river) tractions

A

larger heavy pebbles/ boulders rolled along the river bed

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17
Q

(river) saltation

A

pebbles bounced on the bed( near the source )

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18
Q

(river) suspension

A

lighter sediment carried in the water

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19
Q

(river) solution

A

transport of dissolved chemicals and minerals

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20
Q

(river) deposition

A

when a river looses energy and drops sediment

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21
Q

(river) thawlthag

A

line of fastest flow

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22
Q

(river) estuary

A

the tidal part of the river where the freshwater from the river merges with saltwater from the sea

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23
Q

(river) base flow

A

starting and finishing flow of the river either side of increased discharge

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24
Q

(river) peak discharge

A

max discharge following rainfall event

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25
Q

(river) peak rainfall

A

highest rate of rain during rainfall event

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26
Q

(river) lag time

A

time between peak rainfall + peak discharge

27
Q

(river) rising limb

A

increasing discharge as storm water enters the river channel

28
Q

(river) receding limb

A

fall in discharge back to base level

29
Q

(river) meanders

A

the curve in the river by erosion and deposition

30
Q

(river) capacity

A

max amount of things it can carry (overall weight of the load)

31
Q

(river) competence

A

largest sized individual particle a river can carry (largest rock,not the total weight)

32
Q

hydrogaphs way

A

rainful= always a barchart
discharge=always a line graph

33
Q

hard engineering

A

involved building artificial structures which try to control nateral processes
disadvantages: more expensive, work against nature
advantages: greater impact

34
Q

soft engineering

A

where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding
disadvantage: less effective
advantages : natural, less maintenance

35
Q

(coasts) coastline

A

a place at which land meets the seas

36
Q

(coasts) weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks at the earth surface by the action of rain water extreme of temperature + biological weathering

37
Q

(coasts) wave

A

a body of water moving towards a coastline at a higher than average level

38
Q

(coasts) attrition

A

material carried by the wave bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles

39
Q

(coasts) hydraulic action

A

this process involves the force of water against the coast
the waves enter cracks in a he coastline and compress the air in crack
wave retreats the air in the crack expands -> minor explosion
repeated

40
Q

(coasts) corrosion

A

chemical action of sea water
the acid in the salt water slowly dissolve rocks on coast
limestone and chalk are particularly prone to process

41
Q

(coasts) abrasion

A

the coast is worn down by material carried by the waves
waves through theese particles against the rock sometimes high velocity

42
Q

(coasts) bay

A

area of less resistant (soft) rock between 2 headlands which is quickly eroded

43
Q

(coasts) line of weakness

A

not smooth too me , lines of weakness are a weak link in the cliff
attacked thru erosion

44
Q

(coasts) caves

A

processes attack line of weakness in cliff
get bigger + deeper

45
Q

(coasts) arch

A

erosion of cave continues (corrosion attrition and hydraulic action)
extends all the way thru creates arch

46
Q

(coasts) stack

A

weight of the roof collapses so stands alone
weathered away and creates stack

47
Q

(coasts) stump

A

waves slowly erode stack forms a notch -> gets big and collapses leaving a stump

48
Q

(coasts) longshore drift

A

the transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle

49
Q

(coasts) spits

A

a finger of land made of sand and shingle that extends into the sea from the coastline

caused by change in coastal direction

50
Q

(coasts) wave refraction

A

as waves approach a coast they are refracted so that their energy is concentrated around headlands but reduced around bays

51
Q

(coasts) bars

A

if a spit has grown across a bay and joined one part of the main land to another

52
Q

(coasts) creep

A

sand movement that’s rolled along

53
Q

(coasts) concordent

A

where bands of different rock type run parallel to the coastline

54
Q

(coasts) discordant

A

layers of rock run at right angles to the coast

55
Q

what does a rivera long profile show

A

the long profile shows how a rivers gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth

56
Q

what’s the upper course of the river

A

the steepest part of the land in the river, small but flows quickly, energy levels are high and the river cuts away as its bed. as it does it quickly deepens its valley through down cutting which creates steep sided v shaped valley.

57
Q

what’s the middle course of the river

A

river starts to flow slowly because it starts to transport lots of sediments as rivers look muddy. As the river moves down its valley a number of changes occur. The river gets wider as more tributes join together.

58
Q

what are the 4 changes that ocur in the middle course

A
  1. the valley sides become less steep, giving the shape of a open v
    2.the river begins to erode sideways into its bank. This opens out to the valley floor and a flood plain starts to develop
    3.erosion and depositions occur
  2. the edges of the floodplain are marked by bluffs
59
Q

what is the lower course of a river

A

when the valleys v shape is so wide that the valley sides have been disappeared. The river approaches its mouth, The river now winds its way slowly across a large flood plain. Deposition is now the dominant process

60
Q

define rock resistance

A

erosion rate increases more wrodible the rock is

61
Q

define gradient

A

a steep gradient results in the river water being pulled by gravity, cutting down and eroding the channel

62
Q

define artificial levees

A

where people bulls up the height of the bank (piled earth or coated in concrete) to limit the change of a river flooding

63
Q

define competence

A

largest sized individual particles a river can carry = the largest rock it could move

Geography (11 decks)

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