Coastal Landscapes

Question 1

How do waves form

Answer 1

Wind blowing over the sea.

Question 2

Constructive waves

Answer 2

Spills, strong swash, beach sediment gain.

Question 3

Destructive waves

Answer 3

Plunge, weak swash, strong backwash, beach sediment loss.

Question 4

Mechanical weathering

Answer 4

break up of rocks

Question 5

Chemical weathering

Answer 5

Caused by chemical changes, acid rain.

Question 6

Biological weathering

Answer 6

Animals like rabbits, burrowing.

Question 7

Examples of types of weathering processes

Answer 7

Freeze-thaw-mechanical, carbonation-chemical.

Question 8

What is mass movement

Answer 8

Downward movement or sliding of material under the influence of gravity.

Question 9

What solution erosion

Answer 9

the dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks,

Question 10

What is corrasion erosion

Answer 10

Fragments of rock are picked up and hurled by the sea at a cliff. The rocks act like tools scraping and gouging to erode the rock.

Question 11

What is abrasion erosion

Answer 11

Sandpaper effect of pepples grinding over a rocky platform making it smooth.

Question 12

what is attrition erosion

Answer 12

Rock fragments carried by sea knock against each other and become more rounded and smoother.

Question 13

What is hydraulic power erosion

Answer 13

Power of waves as they smash into a cliff. Trapped air slowly causes the rock to crack.

Question 14

Solution transportation

Answer 14

Dissolved chemicals carried.

Question 15

Suspension transportation

Answer 15

Particles carried suspended within the water.

Question 16

Saltation tranpsortation

Answer 16

Bouncing motion

Question 17

Traction transportation

Answer 17

Rolled along the sea bed

Question 18

Longshore drift

Answer 18

Waves arrive at the coast at an angle, sediment moved up with swash at an angle and carried back with backwash, straight with gravity. Crating zig-zag pattern.

Question 19

What is a wave-cut platform

Answer 19

Cliff collapsed, cliff gradually retreat leaving wave-cut platform usually smooth because of abrasion.

Question 20

Caves,…….

Answer 20

Notch is formed, which is widened into a cave, waves make cave larger until it cuts through headland making an arch, the arch is eroded and the roof collapses leaving a stack, stack eroded into a stump.

Question 21

How do sand dunes form

Answer 21

Embryo dunes form around obstacles like wood and rocks, These form for dunes and yellow dunes, Marram grass is adapted to windy exposed conditions and has long roots to find water.

Question 22

How does a spit form

Answer 22

Longshore drift transports sand along the coast, changing in the shape of the coastline, spit grows out into the sea, spit exposed to changes in wind and wave direction- curved end, saltmarsh forms in sheltered water behind spit.

Question 23

What is a bar

Answer 23

Longshore drift causes spit to grow across a bay, trapping lake behind it, this is a bar.

Question 24

Groynes

Answer 24

Timber built out to sea from the coast. 150,000 each 200m, create a wider beach, not too expensive, unnatural, starve beaches further along the coast.

Question 25

Sea wall

Answer 25

Concrete or rock barrier. effective, has a walkway, unnatural, expensive.

Question 26

Rock armour

Answer 26

Piles of large boulders dumped at foot of a cliff. cheap used for fishing, expensive to transport, unnatural.

Question 27

Gabions

Answer 27

Wire cages filled with rocks, cheap, improved drainage, look unattractive, cages only last 5-10 years.

Question 28

cons of hard engineering

Answer 28

expensive and involve high maintenance costs, interfere with natural coastal processes, look unnatural.

Question 29

Beach nourishment

Answer 29

The addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider. Relatively cheap, blends in with the environment, needs constant maintenance.

Question 30

Dune regeneration

Answer 30

Sand dunes are effective buffers to the seas but are easily damaged, fences are used to keep people off. cheap, damaged by storms, time-consuming.

Question 31

Dune fencing

Answer 31

Fences constructed on sandy beaches along the seaward face of existing dunes to encourage more dunes to form. minimal impact on natural systems controls public access to eco-systems, can become easily broken.

Question 32

What is managed retreat

Answer 32

deliberate policy of allowing the sea top flood or erode an area of relatively low-value land. Cretes a large salt marsh to form a natural buffer to the sea, help protect surrounding farmland, new wildlife habitats.