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MIML 240 > CNS-part II > Flashcards

CNS-part II Flashcards

1
Q

caused by Treponema subspecies pallidum- not all Treponema spp are pathogenic;
-anaerobic, long slender, highly motile, corkscrew (spirochete), GNB- difficult to stain
-transmitted sexually, or from mother to baby
-highly invasive and effective at evading the immune system
-can’t survive for long outside the body, can’t make metabolic products on their own
-attach and enter epithelial cells- use cell metabolism for energy to replicate (obligate intracellular pathogen- can’t be grown in lab)

A

Syphilis

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2
Q

Syphilis can last __ years or more

A

10

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3
Q

Syphilis stages that affect the CNS:
-in this stage, organism disseminates in lymph nodes and bloodstream
-in 40% of cases, can cross BBB
-results in headaches, personality changes, insomnia and seizures

A

Syphilitic Meningitis
(Secondary stage)

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4
Q

Syphilis stages that affect the CNS:
-in this stage (10-20 years), organism infects CNS parenchyma and causes gummas on brain tissue
-results in progressive neutron destruction with atrophy of brain tissue- significant decline in motor and cognitive abilities

A

Meningoencephalitis

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5
Q

Lab testing for Syphilis:
-direct specimen tests that must be confirmed with serology
-only done on chancre fluid in early stages

A

Darkfield or Direct Fluorescence

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6
Q

Categories of Serological Tests (can be done on CSF or blood)
-this detects non-specific antibodies, examples are:
VDRL- ____ _____ _____ ____
RPR- _____ _____ _____ ____

A

Screening Tests

Venereal Disease Research Lab

Rapid Plasma Reagin Test

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7
Q

this category detects specific antibodies, examples are:
-EIA
-FTA-ABS
-TPHA
-TP-PA

A

Confirmatory Treponemal Antibody tests

-Enzyme ImmunoAssay
-Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption Test
-Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination Test
-Treponema Pallidum Passive Particle Agglutination

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8
Q

a disease caused by a spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick

A

Lyme disease

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9
Q

Causative organism for Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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10
Q

3 STAGES OF LYME DISEASE:
- this disease is characterized by BULLSEYE RASH

A

Primary Localized Stage

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11
Q

the stage where the infection spreads to joints, heart, and the nervous system via the bloodstream;
-causes Bells palsy, fatigue and memory loss

A

Secondary or Early Disseminated Stage

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12
Q

the stage of infection where it spreads to the brain and spinal cord to cause meningitis and encephalitis
-serologically diagnosed by testing blood by EIA or Immunofluorescent assay + western blot to confirm

A

tertiary or Late Disseminated Stage

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13
Q

a disease caused by Clostridium tetani
- contracted by spores found in soil, dust, and manure
-if spores enter the body through breaks in the skin or puncture wound by contaminated object, the spores grow and elaborate a neurotoxin- causes spastic type of ridged paralysis, lock jaw, exaggerated reflexes, Back arches

A

Tetanus

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14
Q

disease caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin
-the spores are found in the environment
-if consumed in improperly home-canned. or fermented foods, or gets into a wound, spores grow and make a neurotoxin that causes flaccid paralysis (muscles can’t contract) that can affect breathing and are fatal

A

Botulism

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15
Q

both Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum are anaerobic, large, GPB with ______

A

spores

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16
Q

infection that usually starts as a pulmonary infection and the organism travels via lymphatics or blood to other organs
-forms small abscesses or granulomas in brain tissue that can burst and cause meningitis
-can happen immediately, or over several months/ years after the initial infection
-may also cause infarctions if arteries involved
-children or immunocompromised are at increased risk

A

Mycobacterial CNS infections

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17
Q

culture media for Mycobaterial CNS infections:
-solid egg based media
-agar based media
-broth media

A

-LJ : Lowenstein Jensen Media
-Middlebrook
-MIddlebrook liquid media

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18
Q

causative parasitic organism for PRIMARY AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (PAM)
-exists in 3 stages:
1.Free Living Amebic trophozoite
2. Transient Flagellate Form
3. Environment Resistant Cyst

A

Naegleria fowleri

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19
Q

stage of N fowleri when nutrients are scarce

A

Transient Flagellate form

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20
Q

form of N fowleri that is infective; enters the nasal cavity via inhalation of contaminated water

A

Trophozoite

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21
Q

diagnostic forms of N fowleri

A

Trophozoite found in CSF or brain tissue or
Flagellate found in CSF

22
Q

diagnosis of N Fowleri:

A

-Direct Wet Prep of CSF
-CSF/ Brain Tissue smears stained with special stains like H&E
-PCR done on CSF
immunohistochemical tests on brain tissue

23
Q

parasitic organism that are free living amebae found in soil and water
-causes GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS OR HEMORRHAGIC ENCEPHALITIS- both are fatal

A

Acanthamoeba spp

24
Q

infective stage for Acanthamoeba

A

trophozoite
cyst

25
Q

a disease contracted when person swallows EMBRYONATED EGGS of the pork tapeworm parasite Taenia solium

A

Neurocysticercosis

26
Q

cysts formed when the larva of T solium get into the tissues

A

Cysticerci

27
Q

when T solium cysts are formed in the brain , it’s called _______; this causes seizures, headaches, confusion and hydrocephalus- fatal

A

Neurocysticercosis

28
Q

identify this disease with the following pathogenesis:
1. Immature oocyst is shed in cat feces
2. Mature oocyst develops by sporogony and contains two sporocysts, each with four infective sporozoites
3. Oocysts can infect many hosts, including mice, domestic animals, and humans, via ingestion
4. Sporozoites from ingested oocysts invade animal tissue and develop into bradyzoites within tissue cysts, or into tissue-invading tachyzoites
5. Cat ingests bradyzoites in tissue cysts in animals, usually mice

A

Toxoplasmosis

29
Q

non-motile, non- or slowly replicating, tissue cyst form of Toxoplasmosis

A

Bradyzoites

30
Q

motile, fast replicating, invades cells, replicates, and ruptures cells

A

Tachyzoites

31
Q
A

tachyzoite and bradyzoite form of Toxoplasmosis

32
Q

causes SLEEPING SICKNESS;
-endemic in sub-saharan africa
-spread by tsetse fly infected trypanosome blood parasite
-causes sleep/wake cycle reversal, and neurological problems, seizures, coma

A

African Trypanosomiasis

33
Q

disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, transmitted by Anopheles mosquito;
-parasite travels to liver then blood and enters RBC,
-infected RBC able to cling to blood vessel wall, avoid spleen and passes through BBB into brain

A

Cerebral Malaria

34
Q

Fungal infections of the CNS:
-most common fungal CNS infection
-transmission: inhalation of fungus in soil, decaying wood, or in bird droppings
-infects the lungs first and then blood and spreads to the brain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

35
Q

-normal flora of the body but can cause opportunistic disease if health changes or if it enters sterile sites

A

Candida spp most often C albicans

36
Q

-inhalation of airborne conidia
-spread when an infection in the lung goes into the blood and then the brain

A

Aspergillus spp most common A. fumigatis

37
Q

inhalation of conidia from environment or via inoculation into broken skin;
spread to brain after lung infection disseminates to blood

A

Dimorphic fungi most common Histoplasma

38
Q

Diagnosis of Fungal CNS infections:
-direct microscopic exam of gram stained or India ink stained CSF
-________ stains or _______ ________ for tissue biopsy samples
- Culture if CSF or CNS tissue on fungal media- must be kept for __-___ weeks
-Dimorph culture must have a plate at ____ and one at ___ ____
-______ stain once fungus grows to look for characteristic microscopic fungal elements
-______ _______ or _____ _____ for antigen to C. neoformans
-______detection in blood by complement fixation

A

-Histological ; calcuflour white
-4-6
-35 C ; Room temperature
-LPCB
-Latex agglutination; lateral flow
-Antibody

39
Q

Candida albicans
wet prep:
Germ tube:
Urea:
Chlamydospore:

A

-budding yeast
-pos
-neg
-pos

40
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans
wet prep:
Germ tube:
Urea:
Chlamydospore:

A

-budding yeast
-neg
pos
-neg

41
Q

are most common cause of CNS infection;
-starts as a respiratory, intestinal or skin infection
-also called ASEPTIC MENINGITIS, because no organisms seen microscopically, and none grow in routine culture
-milder than bacterial meningitis unless person is immunocompromised

A

Viral CNS Infections

42
Q

viral infection:
fecal oral from one host to another

A

Polio, enterovirus

43
Q

saliva of infected animals entering into broken skin;
virus travels along nerves until it gets into the brain

A

Rabies

44
Q

mosquito bites an infected bird and then bites a person
-blood transfusions
-organ transplants
-infected mother can spread the virus via breast milk

A

West Nile virus
Flavivirus

45
Q

close personal contact, sexual, respiratory and genital routes

A

HSV
VZV
EBV
CMV

46
Q

close sexual contact, blood, blood transfusion, organ transplant

A

HIV

47
Q

close personal contact, respiratory route

A

Rubella

48
Q

atypical protein molecules; cause brain proteins to fold abnormally into amyloid plaques-toxic to neurons
-cause neurodegeneration- dementia or Alzheimer’s
-progresses quickly and always fatal

A

Prions

49
Q

is inherited or sporadic
-variant form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow) transmitted when humans eat infected cow meat

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

50
Q

a prion disease in humans transmitted via cannibalism

A

Kuru

MIML 240 (11 decks)

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