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MIML 240 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

presence of any viable bacteria in blood. does not always mean a blood infection

A

Bacteremia

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2
Q

false positive blood culture due to improper phlebotomy

A

Pseudo-bacteremia

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3
Q

presence of bacteria in blood of a febrile child, <2 years, who has NO APPARENT FOCUS ON INFECTION AND DOES NOT APPEAR ILL;
S PNEUMONIAE AND H. INFLUENZAE TYPE B USED TO BE THE CAUSE

A

Occult Bacteremia

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4
Q

temporary (few minutes to few hours) bacteria in blood-removed immediately by immune system

A

Transient Bacteremia

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5
Q

PERIODIC SEEDING of the same bacteria into blood by an EXISTING INFECTION in the body, such as an abscess or pneumonia- immune system clears bacteremia

A

Intermittent Bacteremia

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6
Q

bacteria is coming from an INTRAVASCULAR SOURCE and released into the blood at a constant rate- is always present in blood;
due to heart valve infections, or indwelling venous or arterial catheters

A

Continuous/ Persistent Bacteremia

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7
Q

Classification of Bacteremia by site of Origin:
-bacteria in the vascular system due to an infected cardiac valve or IV catheter

A

Primary Bacteremia

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8
Q

Classification of Bacteremia by site of Origin:
-bacteria come from an infected extravascular source such as lungs in a patient with pneumonia

A

Secondary Bacteremia

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9
Q

Classification of Bacteremia by site of Origin:
-source of bacteremia is undefined- usually the patient has a poor prognosis than with primary or secondary bacteremia;
INCREASED MORTALITY RATE

A

Bacteremia of unknown origin

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10
Q

classifying by source is important because it determines the appropriate _______ and _________

A

therapy
prognosis

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11
Q

Classification of bacteremia by Place of Acquisition:
-organism acquired from the general community
-S pneumoniae is one of the most common causes

A

Community Acquired Bacteremia

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12
Q

Classification of bacteremia by Place of Acquisition:
-organism acquired from being in a healthcare facility;
-indication of bacteremia must occur in >___ hrs after admission

A

Nosocomial Bacteremia
72

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13
Q

the presence of and multiplication of bacteria in the blood- it is considered an infection
-person will have symptoms of bacterial invasion and toxin production

A

Septicemia

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14
Q

a systemic inflammatory response caused by Septicemia

A

Sepsis

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15
Q

used by doctors to categorize the spectrum of increasingly severe inflammatory reactions from septicemia

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIR)

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16
Q

non-infectious inflammatory response–> sepsis—>_______ _______—>_______ _______—>death

A

severe sepsis
septic shock

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17
Q

most common causative agents for septicaemia:

A

S aureus
E coli
S pneumoniae

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18
Q

bacteria enter circulation via lymphatics;
-come from an infection in another part of the body or a bacteria that can disseminate as part of its pathogenesis (Listeria)

A

Extravascular Septicemia

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19
Q

bacteria are directly implanted in the vascular system;
-usually due to IV catheters

A

Intravascular Septicemia

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20
Q

infection of the sac around the heart

A

Pericarditis

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21
Q

Bacteria seed heart valves- form a biofilm and infection
-cause valve damage an heart failure
-investigated the most in the lab

A

infective endocarditis

22
Q

progresses rapidly, affects healthy hearts
-caused by virulent bacteria;
-exceptions to rule S lugdunensis or Corynebacterium jekeium

A

Acute endocarditis

23
Q

organisms that cause rapid progression of endocarditis in those with Prosthetic heart valves or pace-makers

A

S lugdunensis
Corynebacterium jekeium

24
Q

progresses slowly
-affects already abnormal or damaged hearts
-caused by less virulent organisms- normal flora of the mouth like Viridans group

A

Sub acute endocarditis

25
Q

Specimen for Blood infections

A

Blood culture

26
Q

A positive blood culture is a ______ value, indicates a potentially fatal outcome

A

critical

27
Q

_____ must be called immediately.

A

gram

28
Q

in collecting blood cultures:
cleanse skin with ___%-____% ethanol followed by __% chlorexidine- leave on for at least ___ sec, let air dry

A

70-95
2
30

29
Q

BC vials have ___ 0.025-0.050% as anticoagulant- but may inhibit Neisseria and P anaerobius

A

SPS

30
Q

don’t use ____, __ ____ or _______- can inhibit organism growth

A

EDTA
Na Citrate
Heparin

31
Q

both O2 and ANO2 BC bottles are nutritionally enriched and contain ______ or ______ to absorb toxins and antibiotics

A

resins
charcoal

32
Q

ANO2 vial has _________ as an O2 reducing agent and empty space in neck has gas mix that is not O2

A

thioglycolate

33
Q

it is the _______ __ _______ and not the number of sets of cultures that is drawn that is most important in the recover of organisms

A

volume of blood

34
Q

optimum ratio of blood to media is : or :

A

1:5
1:10

35
Q

draw __ ml per blood culture bottle of set (total of __-___ ml per complete set)

A

10 ml
20-30 ml

36
Q

highest recovery of organism takes - sets with 10ml in each= total of ___-___ml drawn in a 24 hr period

A

3-4
60-80

37
Q

general practice is 2 sets of BCs with 10 ml in each bottle= __ ml in 24 hr period

A

40

38
Q

take the sets - hours apart from a different venipuncture site

A

1-2

39
Q

it is important to try and take BC during ____episodes and before taking antibiotics

A

febrile

40
Q

In acute endocarditis, time is of the essence so take - sets of BC within a __ min time period

A

2-3
30

41
Q

In subacute endocarditis time is less important, focus is to catch the bacteria when it is in high numbers in the blood; draw - BC sets spaced __ min to __ hour apart within 24 hrs

A

3-5
30
1

42
Q

Criteria to determine contamination of BC vials:
1. Identity of organism
-S aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa and C albicans are almost always a ____ infection
2. How many bottles is the organism growing in.
3. Isolation of organism from the blood+ another sterile or non-sterile site

A

true

43
Q

done in labs where it is too expensive or do not have adequate number of BC tests requested

A

Manual Blood Cultures

44
Q

Manual Blood cultures:
-Media inoculated with patient blood and incubated at __ C for up to ___ days
Examine _ times a day for visual signs of bacterial growth
Darkening of media may be _________
Bubbles may be ____ formation

A

35
7
hemolysis
gas

45
Q

it is the sub of manual aerobic BC vial to solid media even when there is no visible evidence of growth- not advised for ANO2 vials
Done at __-___ hours of incubation to increase the chances of detecting a positive vial sooner
If negative may be done again after another __ hrs
May also be done on the __ day to ensure the bottle is truly negative
Subbed to ____, ______

A

24-48
48
7th
CHOC, Brucella

46
Q

Automated BC systems:
incubators hold all bottles at ___ 35C

A

O2

47
Q

Detects colorimetric change caused by shifts in pH from increase CO2 levels due to organism growth

A

BacT/ALERT

48
Q

detects changes in fluorescence caused by shifts in pH from increased CO2 levels due to organism growth

A

BACTEC

49
Q

measures pressure changes caused by gas consumption or production due to organism

A

Versa TREK

50
Q

Negative BC:
In automated BC systems, a ________ report of No growth after 48 hours is sent on all bottles that are negative at this time
Negative bottles are kept for___ days before a final report of No growth is sent out

A

Preliminary
5

51
Q

Positive BC- MUST BE WORKED ON IMMEDIATELY
inform the physician of the _______ _______result
also include which bottle is positive (O2/ANO2) and in how many sets after how many hours incubation

A

gram stain

MIML 240 (11 decks)

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