CNS Lecture 5 Flashcards
The Cerebellum receives sensory input from the _______ and motor commands from the _____
The Cerebellum receives sensory input from the spinal cord and motor commands from the cerebral cortex
What are the four functional divisions of the Cerebellum?
- Vermis: posture, meck and axial (trunk) musculature)
- Intermediate zone: lovomotion
- Lateral zone: coordinating complex, skilled movements of arms, hands and fingers
- Flocculonodular lobe: balance
For each of the four functional divisions of the cerebellum, describe what they are concerned with:
- Vermis: _________
- Intermediate zone: _______
- Lateral zone: _________
- Flocculonodular lobe: _______
For each of the four functional divisions of the cerebellum, describe what they are concerned with:
Vermis: posture, neck and axial (trunk) musculature)
Intermediate zone: locomotion
Lateral zone: coordinating complex, skilled movements of arms, hands and fingers
Flocculonodular lobe: balance
There is a large nuclei deep within the cerebellum called the:
Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia form which system?
Extrapyramidal system
What are the basal ganglia involved in?
Initiating movement and suppressing activity of muscles that would resist the intended movement (antagonist muscles)
What disorders can arise from lesions in basal ganglia?
- Parkinson’s disease
- Poverty of movement (bradykinesia - slow movement)
- Rigidity
- Tremor
-
Dyskinesia - Too much movement:
- Huntington’s chorea
- Tourette’s
- hemiballismus
What are four functions that the brainstem is involved in?
- Control of respiratory and cardiovascular musculature
- Control transmission in sensory, motor, reflex and pain pathways
- initiation of movement
- Supplying NT’s to different parts of the brain
What particular area of the brainstem is involved in the initiation of locomotion?
Midbrain locomotor area (MLA)
What does the EEG (electroencephalogram) monitor?
Electrical activity in the brain
What are the three stages of NREM sleep?
NREM (slow-wave) sleep:
- Stage N1
- Stage N2
- Stage N3
During this sleep stage:
- Light sleep
- Relatively easy to wake subject
Stage N1
What is Stage N2?
What would you see on the EEG?
- Second stage of NREM (slow-wave) sleep.
- Deeper sleep than N1 (ie harder to wake someone up)
- EEG:
- Alpha waves replaced by random waves of greater amplitude
What would you see on an EEG for the N1 stage?
Alpha waves reduced in frequency, amplitude and percentage of time present
Gaps in alpha rhythm filled with theta and delta activity
What is the N3 stage?
What would you see on the EEG?
- Third stage of NREM (slow wave sleep)
- Deep sleep - more difficult to wake
- EEG:
- Much theta and delta activity
- progressive increase in delta
What is REM sleep?
What does the EEG look like?
- aka paradoxical sleep
- stage associated with dreaming, rapid eye movement, relaxed muscles, active brain
- EEG:
- waves look like alert wakefulness - beta rhythm
What are the voltage fluctuations recorded by an EEG made up of?
Summed, synchronous, post-synaptic potentials of many neurons
Waveforms vary with behavioural states: attention, arousal, sleep, dreaming
In ______ _______ voltage fluctuations can become very large
In epileptic siezures voltage fluctuations can become very large
In the vicinity of brain tumours where neurons have died, what does the EEG look like?
EEG is small or absent
Before organs are removed what is used to verify brain death?
EEG
What are sleep spindles?
A burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep
What is the Glasgow coma scale?
Important clinical scale to classify the level of consciousness of a person
What is the glasgow coma scale based on?
- eye movements
- responses to questions
- whether the person makes voluntary movements and can obey commands to move their limbs
What are three criteria for brain death?
- nature and duration of the coma must be known
- cerebral and brainstem function are absent
- supplementary criteria includes a flat EEG for 30 minutes