Chapter 18.3 Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards
Any molecule that can trigger an adaptive immune response against itself or the cell bearing it is called an ______
antigen
What are the three stages of a typical adaptive immune response?
Include: how lymphocytes are activated; clonal expansion
- the encounter and recognition of an antigen by lymphocytes.
- each lymphocyte is specific for just one type of antigen
- Lymphocyte activation
- binding of antigen to receptor activates lymphocyte
- activated lymphocyte undergoes many rounds of cell division = clonal expansion
- The attack launched by the activated lymphocytes and their secretions
What are the two possible functions of the many lymphocytes produced from clonal expansion?
Clonal expansion: rapid cell division by lymphocytes resulting in many daughter lymphocytes that recognize the same antigen as the parent
- some of these lymphocytes will function as effector lymphocytes to carry out the attack response
- others will be set aside as memory cells poised to recognize the antigen if it returns
Fill in the blanks detailing the attack launched by the activated lymphocytes and their secretions (phase 3 of adaptive immune response). Ideally, you want to recall the events during this phase without the hints of a fill in the blank question.
Activated _______ which comprise one group of lymphocytes, differentiate into ______ that secrete _____ into the blood which _____ pathogens or foreign substances and target them for attack by _____ _____ _____.
Activated ______ another type of lymphocyte, directly attack and kill the cells bearing the antigens.
Activated B-cells which comprise one group of lymphocytes, differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood which opsonize pathogens or foreign substances and target them for attack by innate immune cells.
Activated cytotoxic T-Cells another type of lymphocyte, directly attack and kill the cells bearing the antigens.
What happens to the cells that participated in Adaptive immune response after the attack is successfully completed.
(name those cells and the homeostatic purpose)
- B-cells, plasma cells, and T-cells that participated in the attack die by apoptosis
- Memory cells persist even after immune response is completed
-homeostatic response that prevents the immune response from becoming excessive and potentially destroying its own tissue
Where is the majority of lymphocytes?
in the lymphoid organs
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow
The primary lymphoid organs are the initial sites of ______ ______
The primary lymphoid organs are the initial sites of lymphocyte development
Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) supply the body with mature but ______ lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) supply the body with mature but naive lymphocytes
What is a naive lymphocyte?
Lymphocytes that have not yet been activated by specific antigen
What are the Secondary Lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphocyte accumulations in the linings of the intestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
Where are naive lymphocytes activated to participate in adaptive immune response?
The secondary lymphoid organs
All lymphocytes are descended from ancestors that matured in the _____ or ____ but may not themselves have ______ in those organs
All lymphocytes are descended from ancestors that matured in the bone marrow or thymus but may not themselves have arisen in those organs
fluid flowing through the lymphatic vessels is called ______, which is ______ that has entered the lymphatic capillaries and is routed to the ________ that drain into systemic veins
fluid flowing through the lymphatic vessels is called lymph, which is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic capillaries and is routed to the large lymphatic vessels that drain into systemic veins
On it’s way from lymphatic capillaries to large lymphatic vessels and into systemic veins, lymph flows through ______
lymph nodes
The ______ is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and lies in the left part of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm
The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and lies in the left part of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm
The ____ and _____ are a group of small, rounded lymphoid organs in the pharynx. They are filled with _____, _____ and _____ and have openings called ____ to the surface of the pharynx
The tonsils and adenoids are a group of small, rounded lymphoid organs in the pharynx. They are filled with lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and have openings called crypts to the surface of the pharynx
Upon activation, B cells differentiate into _______, which secrete ______
Upon activation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
What are antibodies?
proteins that travel all over the body to reach antigens identical to those that stimulated their production
____________ responses have an extremely wide diversity of targets and are the major defence against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens in the extracellular fluid and against toxic molecules (toxins)
Antibody-mediated responses have an extremely wide diversity of targets and are the major defence against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens in the extracellular fluid and against toxic molecules (toxins)
What is another name for antibody-mediated response?
Humoral responses
Humoral = communication by way of soluble chemical messengers
T-Cell responses are called _______ responses
T-Cell responses are called cell-mediated responses
What are the two major functional subsets of T-cells?
- Cytotoxic T-cells
- Helper T-cells
A third subset of T-cells has recently been recognized and is called ______, which _____
A third subset of T-cells has recently been recognized and is called regulatory T-cells, which inhibit the function of both B cells and cytotoxic T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells have ______ proteins in their plasma membrane and so are also called ______
Cytotoxic T-cells have CD8 proteins in their plasma membrane and so are also called CD8+ (CD8 positive) cells
Helper T-cells and Regulatory T-cells express the ______ protein in their plasma membranes and so are called ______
Helper T-cells and Regulatory T-cells express the CD4 protein in their plasma membranes and so are called CD4+ (CD4 positive) cells
What is an important geographic difference in antibody-mediated responses and responses activated by cytotoxic T Cells
- B cells (and plasma cells derived from them) remain in whatever location the recognition and activation steps occurred. They send their antibodies through the blood to seek out antigens identical to those that triggered the response
- Cytotoxic T cells must enter the blood and seek out the targets
Helper T-Cells go through the usual first two stages of the immune response - name them
- they combine with antigen
- They undergo activation
Once activated, Helper T-cells migrate to ______. B cells that have a bound antigen present it to the __________
Once activated, Helper T-cells migrate to the site of B-cell activation. B cells that have a bound antigen present it to the activated helper cells
What induces B-cell activation
Antigen-specific helper T cells make direct contact with the B-cell and communicate with surface receptors (and the secretion of cytokines) thus inducing the B cell activation
What do B-cells and cytotoxic T cells require in order to function adequately?
They must be stimulated by cytokines from helpter T cells
Regulatory T cells are believed to suppress the ability of certain ____ and ______ to attack a person’s own _____ (which can occur in diseases known as ______ diseases)
Regulatory T cells are believed to suppress the ability of certain B and cytotoxic T cells to attack a person’s own proteins (which can occur in diseases known as autoimmune diseases)
