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Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) > ANS Lectures 1&2 > Flashcards

ANS Lectures 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two communicating systems are involved in the ANS?

A

Nervous system and Endocrine system

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2
Q

What are three functions of the ANS?

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Response to stress
  3. Regulates day to day functions in the body
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3
Q

Fill in the table comparing the ANS and the SNS:

Autonomic NS vs Somatic NS

A
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4
Q

In the ANS, the efferent path is a _______ link:

  • The first neuron is called the _________ and has it’s cell body in the _____. It’s axon terminates in the _______ (cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS). The axon is ________.
  • The second neuron is called the _______ and it’s cell body is found in the _____. It’s axon is ______ and terminates on the target tissue
A

In the ANS, the efferent path is a two-neuron link:

  • The first neuron is called the pre-ganglionic neuron and has it’s cell body in the CNS. It’s axon terminates in the Ganglion (cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS). The axon is myelinated.
  • The second neuron is called the Post-ganglionic neuron and it’s cell body is found in the ganglion. It’s axon is unmyelinated and terminates on the target tissue
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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic fibres located?

Sympathetic

A

Sympathetic division:

  • cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
  • Specifically: thoracic levels 1-12 and lumbar regions 1 and 2

Parasympathetic:

  • cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral regions of the spinal cord
  • Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 carry parasympathetic fibres
  • In the sacral region, cell bodies arise from regions S2-S4
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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the ANS?

Parasympathetic

  • CN?
  • Sacral nerves?
A

Parasympathetic:

  • cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral regions of the spinal cord
  • Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 carry parasympathetic fibres
  • In the sacral region, cell bodies arise from regions S2-S4

Sympathetic division:

  • cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
  • Specifically: thoracic levels 1-12 and lumbar regions 1 and 2
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7
Q

What forms the spinal nerve?

A

The joining of the dorsal and ventral roots from the spinal cord

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8
Q

In the somatic system, where are cell bodies of somatic motor neurons found?

A

Ventral horn of the grey matter

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibre of the parasympathetic division?

Where do their axons leave the spinal cord?

A

In the lateral region (lateral horn) of the grey matter.

Axons pass through the ventral roots, join the spinal nerve and then branch off to a ganglion

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10
Q

Where are ganglia of the parasympathetic system located?

What are they called?

A

Close to (or within) the target organs and are called terminal ganglia

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11
Q

The parasympathetic division has a ____ preganglionic fiber and a _______ postganglionic fibre

A

The parasympathetic division has a long preganglionic fiber and a short postganglionic fibre

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12
Q

What is it called when one preganglionic fibre connects with several postganglionic fibres?

A

Divergence

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13
Q

What is it called when several preganglionic fibres converge into a single post-ganglionic fibre?

A

Convergence

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14
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection (cluster) of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

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15
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres have their cell body in the ________

And leaves the spinal cord via the ______

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres have their cell body in the lateral region of the grey matter

And leaves the spinal cord via the ventral roots

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16
Q

What are the 3 pathways that a sympathetic preganglionic fibre can take when it leaves the spinal cord?

A
  1. Synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion at the same level
  2. travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. Pass through chain without synapsing , continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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17
Q

What are communicating Rami?

A

Branches, or connections, between the spinal nerve and the ganglia

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18
Q

What is the white ramus communicans?

Why does it appear white?

A

the branch that leads into the ganglion from the spinal nerve

  • white because it is carrying a myelinated preganglionic fibre
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19
Q

What is the grey ramus communicans?

A

Branch that goes back into the spinal nerve

  • Grey because it is carrying unmyelinated postganglionic fibre
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20
Q

What are the two main types of ganglia and their locations?

A
  1. Sympathetic chain ganglia (or sympathetic trunk)
    • also called paravertebral ganglia as they are next to or parallel to the vertebral column
  2. Collateral ganglia
    • aka prevertebral ganglia as they are found in the front of the vertebrae column, roughly in the midline of the body
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21
Q

With both types of sympathetic ganglia, the sympathetic preganglionic fibres are ____ and the postganglionic fibres are _____

A

With both types of sympathetic ganglia, the sympathetic preganglionic fibres are short and the postganglionic fibres are long

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22
Q

What is a varicosity

A

Chains of swellings along the branches of postganglionic fiber; contain synaptic vesicles which release NT’s

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23
Q

Where is a varicosity found?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibres

*Not preganglionic fibres*

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24
Q

What is the purpose of varicosities?

A

Varicosities on postganglionic nerve terminals are spread along the surface of the target tissue/organ, allowing a chemical messenger to spread rapidly.

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25
Q

What is the sympathoadrenal system?

A

a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla and is crucial in an organism’s physiological response to outside stimuli.

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26
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

A

Outside adrenal cortex and inside adrenal medulla

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27
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by __________

A

sympathetic preganglionic fibres

(No parasympathetic innervation)

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28
Q

The adrenal medulla acts as a modified ___________

A

The adrenal medulla acts as a modified sympathetic postganglionic fibre

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29
Q

What cells in the adrenal medulla produce, store and release hormones?

A

Chromaffin Cells

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30
Q

What hormones does Chromaffin produce, store and release?

A

Chromaffin cells from the adrenal medulla produce, store and release the hormones:

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • (Considered hormones because they are released into the blood and carried about the body through the circulatory system,)
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31
Q

Which transmitters of the ANS are released from the preganglionic fibres in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • ACh (Acetylcholine)
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32
Q

What is ACh?

  • released from which ganglia?
  • acts on?
A
  • Transmitter at all autonomic ganglia
  • released from preganglionic fibres in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems at the ganglia
  • Acts on postganglionic fibre
  • Released from postganglionic parasympathetic fibres and acts on target tissue
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33
Q

Parasympathetic: ACh released from _________ fibres acts on ______

A

Parasympathetic: ACh released from postganglionic parasympathetic fibres acts on target tissue (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

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34
Q

Which transmitters/hormones are released from postganglionic fibres?

A
  • ACh (released from both pre and postganglionic fibres in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways)
  • Norepinephrine (NE): released from postganglionic sympathetic fibres
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35
Q

Sympathetic: NE released from _________ acts on most target tissues

A

Sympathetic: NE released from postganglionic sympathetic fibres acts on most target tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

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36
Q

Adrenal medulla is innervated by _________ which release ACh which causes ________ cells to release _____, ______ into the blood which acts as hormones

A

Adrenal medulla is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibres which release ACh which causes chromaffin cells to release epinephrine, norepinephrine into the blood which acts as hormones

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37
Q

A receptor that is able to bine ACh is called a ______

A

Cholinergic recepter

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38
Q

Cholinergic refers to which transmitter?

A

ACh

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39
Q

What two things combine to form ACh

A

Acetyl CoA and choline

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40
Q

What are the 5 events at the Cholinergic nerve terminal?

  1. _____\_ is brought into the nerve terminal by a protein acting as a choline-carrier
  2. ___\_ is packaged into vesicles and stored in the terminal until a stimulus causes its release
  3. Stimulus for release of ACh from vesicles: __\_arrives, opens ______\_. ____\_rushes in causing the vesicles containing ____\_ to move to the membrane and fuse, releasing __\_ into the synapse
  4. ACh acts on ______\_on the membrane of the ______\_ fibre
  5. Once released from the receptor, ACh is broken down by _______\_ into choline and acetate
A

What are the 5 events at the Cholinergic nerve terminal?

  1. Choline is brought into the nerve terminal by a protein acting as a choline-carrier
  2. ACh is packaged into vesicles and stored in the terminal until a stimulus causes its release
  3. Stimulus for release of ACh from vesicles: AP arrives, opens voltage-gated Calcium channels. Ca rushes in causing the vesicles containing ACh to move to the membrane and fuse, releasing ACh into the synapse
  4. ACh acts on cholinergic receptors on the membrane of the postganglionic fibre
  5. Once released from the receptor, ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate
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41
Q

If norepinephrine is released, what division of the nervous system does the postganglionic fibre belong?

A

Sympathetic

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42
Q

What are the events at a (Nor)Adrenergic Varicosity?

  1. Norepinephrine is synthesized from the amino acid ______ which is taken up into the terminal.
  2. Tyrosine converted to _____ and then to _____ which is taken up into the vesicle and converted to NE
  3. Release of NE occurs when an _____ comes down the ________ and causes the opening of _____
  4. _____ moves into the cell and the increase in its concentration causes the vesicles to move to and fuse with the outer membrane
  5. NE is released via _____
  6. NE binds to ________ receptors on the target tissue membrane
A

What are the events at a (Nor)Adrenergic Varicosity?

  1. Norepinephrine is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine which is taken up into the terminal.
  2. Tyrosine converted to DOPA and then to dopamine which is taken up into the vesicle and converted to NE
  3. Release of NE occurs when an AP comes down the sympathetic postganglionic fibre and causes the opening of Ca channels
  4. Calcium moves into the cell and the increase in its concentration causes the vesicles to move to and fuse with the outer membrane
  5. NE is released via exocytosis
  6. NE binds to andrenergic receptors on the target tissue membrane
43
Q

How is the action of norepinephrine terminated?

A

Reuptake into the nerve terminal

NE is removed from the synaptic space by a special transport system which takes NE back into the varicosity

*NE is NOT broken down but the whole molecule is taken up

NE is repacked into vesicles to be used again

44
Q

What are the transmitters of the ANS other that acetylcholine and noradrenaline?

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission

  • peptides, amines, amino acids, gases
45
Q

ACh is released from:

(3)

A
  1. Autonomic ganglia (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
  2. Parasympathetic postganglionic endings
  3. A few sympathetic postganglionic endings (thermoregulatory sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle)
46
Q

Norepinephrine is released from:

A
  • Most sympathetic postganglionic endings
  • adrenal medulla (also epinephrine; hormones)
47
Q

What type of receptors does Acetylcholine bind to?

A

Acetylcholine binds to Cholinergic Receptors

Two types:

  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
48
Q

What are the two types of Cholinergic receptors and their subtypes?

A
  1. Nicotinic
    1. NM (in skeletal muscle)
    2. NN (In nervous tissue)
  2. Muscarinic (In smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)
    1. ​M1
    2. M2
    3. M3
    4. M4
    5. M5
49
Q

Where are NM Receptors found and what do they bind?

A

NM

  • Subtype of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors
  • Bind ACh released from somatic motor neuronss
  • Found in skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction
50
Q

NN receptors are found:

Bind to?

A
  • Type of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptor
  1. Found in nervous tissue
    • at the autonomic ganglia (ie found on the cell body of the postganglionic neuron at the autonomic ganglia)
    • Binds to ACh released from the preganglionic fiber
  2. Found in Adrenal Medulla
    • Binds ACh released from the sympathetic preganglionic fibre
51
Q

What are Muscarinic receptors and where are they found?

A

Type of Cholinergic receptor

  • found in target tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
  • 5 subtypes: M1-5
52
Q

What family of receptors binds norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Adrenergic receptors

53
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors found?

A

Always found on the target tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)

54
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors and their subtypes?

A

Alpha (2 subtypes types) and

beta (3 subtypes types)

55
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ________ (form ion channel following the binding of a ligand; ligand-gated)

A

Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic receptors (form ion channel following the binding of a ligand; ligand-gated)

56
Q

Muscarinic and adrenergic receptors are ______ (membrane receptor that initiates the formation of second messengers following the binding of a ligand)

A

Muscarinic and adrenergic receptors are metabotropic receptors (membrane receptor that initiates the formation of second messengers following the binding of a ligand)

57
Q

What type of receptor forms ion channels following the binding of a ligand and are also ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Ionotropic receptor

58
Q

Which receptor has a dough-nut shape with 5 subunits embedded in the plasma membrane which have a pore in the middle

A

Nicotinic receptor

59
Q

Which nicotinic subunit has the binding sight for acetylcholine?

A

the 2 Alpha subunits

60
Q

What happens to the nicotinic receptor when ACh binds?

A

Conformation change of the receptor molecule = opens up = allows ions to move through the pore

61
Q

Which receptors have a serpentine shape made of 7 transmembrane subunits?

A

Muscarinic and Adrenergic Receptors

(metabotropic receptors)

62
Q
  1. ACh ALWAYS binds to _________ receptors:
    • _______
    • _______
  2. Norepinephrine and epinephrine always bind to:
    • _________ (alpha or beta)
  3. How can we have multiple responses in different tissues to the binding of the transmitters?
A
  1. ACh ALWAYS binds to cholinergic receptors:
    • Nicotinic (doughnut)
    • Muscarinic (serpentine)
  2. Norepinephrine and epinephrine always bind to:
    • Adrenergic - All serpentine (alpha or beta)
  3. Because there are multiple subtypes of all receptors
63
Q

Nicotinic Receptor At the Autonomic Ganglia:

  1. an ap arrives in the ________ fibre. This opens voltage-gated _____ channels and ____ enters the aforementioned fibre
  2. The increased Ca2+ causes vesicles containing _____ to fuse to the membrane of the preganglionic fibre and release it into the synapse
  3. ACH moves across the synapse to the _______ fibre and binds to a _______ (___) receptor (this receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel)
  4. Binding of ACh to its binding sites on the ______ receptor opens an ion channel in the receptor. ___ enters the postganglionic fibre
  5. Movement of ____ into the postganglionic fibre brings in a positive charge but not enough to cause an action potential in the postganglionic fibre and instead, an _____ is generated
  6. This _____ causes the opening of voltage-gated ____ channels present in the membrane of the _______ cell, allowing a larger influx of ___ into the _______ fibre
  7. Threshold is reached and an Action Potential is generated in the _______ fibre
A

Nicotinic Receptor At the Autonomic Ganglia:

  1. an ap arrives in the preganglionic fibre. This opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ enters the aforementioned fibre
  2. The increased Ca2+ causes vesicles containing ACh to fuse to the membrane of the preganglionic fibre and release it into the synapse
  3. ACH moves across the synapse to the Postganglionic fibre and binds to a nicotinic (NN) receptor (this receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel)
  4. Binding of ACh to its binding sites on the nicotinic receptor opens an ion channel in the receptor. Na+ enters the postganglionic fibre
  5. Movement of Na+ into the postganglionic fibre brings in a positive charge but not enough to cause an action potential in the postganglionic fibre and instead, an EPSP is generated
  6. This EPSP causes the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels present in the membrane of the postganglionic cell, allowing a larger influx of Na+ into the postganglionic fibre
  7. Threshold is reached and an Action Potential is generated in the postganglionic fibre
64
Q

Binding of ACh to a muscarinic receptor or binding of NE/E to adrenergic receptors produces a response through a _________

A

Binding of ACh to a muscarinic receptor or binding of NE/E to adrenergic receptors produces a response through a G-Protein coupled mechanism

65
Q

Neutrotransmitter (NE/E or ACh) binds to receptor on target tissue (ACh- ______ receptor and NE/E - _____) causing a _________ in the receptor.

  1. This causes a change in conformation of the _______ which is present nearby at the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane
  2. When the G-protein is inactive, it is bound to ______. When the G-Protein undergoes conformational change, its affinity for _____ is decreased and its affinity for _____ is increased
  3. The GProtein releases the GDP and then _____ binds. This give the G-protein energy
  4. The _____ subunit of the GTP-bound G-protein then dissociates from the _____ and _____ subunits and moves in the membrane to an enzyme
  5. The GP will then cause a change in the activity of the ____ (increase or decrease activity)
  6. The active-state enzyme causes some precursor molecule in the cell to be converted into a molecule called a _______
  7. Which activates a cytosolic protein ____ which phosphorylates proteins in the cell, producing a response
A

Neutrotransmitter (NE/E or ACh) binds to receptor on target tissue (ACh- muscarinic receptor and NE/E - adrenergic) causing a conformation change in the receptor.

  1. This causes a change in conformation of the G-protein which is present nearby at the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane
  2. When the G-protein is inactive, it is bound to GDP. When the G-Protein undergoes conformational change, its affinity for GDP is decreased and its affinity for GTP is increased
  3. The GProtein releases the GDP and then GTP binds. This give the G-protein energy
  4. The alpha subunit of the GTP-bound G-protein then dissociates from the gamma and beta subunits and moves in the membrane to an enzyme
  5. The GPrtn will then cause a change in the activity of the enzyme (increase or decrease activity)
  6. The active-state enzyme causes some precursor molecule in the cell to be converted into a molecule called a second messenger
  7. Which activates a cytosolic protein kinase which phosphorylates proteins in the cell, producing a response
66
Q

What do protein kinases do?

A

Phosphorylates proteins producing a response

67
Q

The chemical messengers found outside of the cell in signal transduction are:

A

Transmitters/hormones

68
Q

What does it mean when we say G-proteins are translucent?

A

They are involved in turning an extracellular signal into an intracellular one

69
Q

Most organs/tissues receive ______ (innervation from both ______ and _______ divisions)

A

Most organs/tissues receive dual (innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

70
Q

What are some exceptions to dual innervation?

A

Sweat glands and most blood vessels (receive sympathetic innervation only)

71
Q

Activation of both divisions usually produces _____ effects in a target organ/tissue, however sometimes both divisions act together to produce similar and ______ effects

A

Activation of both divisions usually produces opposite effects in a target organ/tissue, however sometimes both divisions act together to produce similar and complementary effects

72
Q

Which division is excitatory and which is inhibitory (parasympathetic or sympathetic)

A

Both divisions can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects

-depends on the issue and receptor involved

73
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation of the eyes?

A

Dilation of pupil

Relaxation of ciliary muscle (adjustment for far vision)

74
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Cardiovascular system?

A
  • Increase heart rate (pacemaker)
  • Increase force of contraction (myocardium)
75
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Blood Vessels?

A

Constriction

76
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Exocrine glands?

(sweat glands; salivary glands; stomach and pancreas)

A
  • Sweat glands:
    • increase for temperature regulation (muscarinic)
    • local increase (stress; adrenergic)
  • Salivary glands
    • small volume of thick saliva
  • Stomach, pancreas
    • Decreased secretion
77
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Digestive Tract?

A
  • Decreased motility
  • contraction of sphincters
78
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Lungs?

A

Airway dilation

79
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Urinary Bladder?

A

Prevent voiding

80
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the Genitalia?

A
  • Decreased blood flow;
  • contracts smooth muscle (emission/ejaculation)
81
Q

Most blood vessels do not receive parasympathetic innervation with the exception of ______

A

Most blood vessels do not receive parasympathetic innervation with the exception of blood vessels of the genitals

82
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Adrenal medulla?

A

The adrenal medulla does not receive parasympathetic innervation

83
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Disorder of the ANS

  • usually effects one side of the face only (unilateral)
  • Symptoms due to damage of sympathetic nerve innervating the face
    • Constriction of pupil (myosis)
    • Drooping of eyelid (ptosis)
    • Lack of sweating (anhidrosis)
    • Dilation of blood vessels (flushing)
84
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the eyes?

A
  • Constriction of pupil;
  • contracts ciliary muscle (adjustment for near vision)
85
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Cardiovascular system?

A

Decrease heart rate (pacemaker)

86
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the blood vessels?

A

No innervation; no effect on most blood vessels with the exception of genital blood vessels

87
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Exocrine glands?

(Sweat glands; salivary glands; stomach, pancreas)

A
  • Sweat glands
    • No innervation = no effect
  • Salivary glands
    • large volume of watery saliva
  • Stomach, pancreas
    • Increased secretion
88
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Digestive tract?

A

Increased motility

Relaxation of the sphincters

89
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Lungs?

A

Airway constriction

90
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Urinary bladder?

A

Voiding

91
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the Genitalia?

A
  • increased blood flow (erection point)
  • No innervation of smooth muscle = no effect
92
Q

What is the general scheme for a reflex arc?

A

Stimulus > sensor > afferent (sensory) pathway > integrator (brain/spinal cord) > efferent (motor) pathway > effector (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) > response

93
Q

What is the efferent (motor) pathway of a reflex arc composed of?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibres that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands

94
Q

Where are autonomic reflexes integrated? (3)

A

Autonomic reflexes are integrated in the CNS:

  • Hypothalamus
    • head integrating center for the ANS (head ganglion)
  • Brainstem (medulla)
  • Spinal cord
    • regulates urination, defecation and erection
95
Q

What are the two sphincters involved in Micturition (urination)

A
  1. Internal urethral sphincter
    • smooth muscle
    • innervated by ANS
  2. External urethral sphincter
    • skeletal muscle
    • somatic nervous system (voluntary control)
96
Q

Which region of the CNS is the integrating centre for the micturition reflex?

A

Spinal cord

97
Q

What does a low volume in the bladder stimulate?

A
  • Low parasympathetic activity; bladder does not contract
  • Tonic (prolonged and autonomic) somatic activity; external sphincter contracts
98
Q

What does a high volume in the bladder trigger?

A
  • High parasympathetic activity; bladder contracts
  • Removal of tonic somatic activity; external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs
99
Q

What is the role of ANS in temperature regulation?

  • location of receptors?
  • integrating centre?
  • Ways body temperature is changed?
A
  • Temperature receptors are found in skin and hypothalamus
  • The integrating centre for temperature is the hypothalamus
  • Change body temperature by:
    • Blood flow to skin
    • Amount of sweating
    • Metabolism
100
Q

What would happen if the temperature is too cold:

  1. Decrease in body temperature is sensed by ________
  2. Causes the ______ to alter ______ activity to ______ body temp
  3. increase sympathetic activity =
    • _______
    • _______
    • _______
  4. decrease sympathetic activity:
    • _________
A

What would happen if the temperature is too cold:

  1. Decrease in body temperature is sensed by thermoreceptors
  2. Causes the hypothalamus to alter sympathetic activity to increase body temp
  3. increase sympathetic activity =
    • increase metabolism and increase heat production
    • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin to decrease heat loss
    • piloerection
  4. decrease sympathetic activity:
    • decrease sweating and decrease heat loss
101
Q

What happens when the body temperature is too hot?

  1. Increase in body temperature is sensed by ______\_
  2. causes the _____\_to alter _____\_ activity to decrease body temperature
  3. Increased sympathetic activity:
    • ​​​​​Increase ______ and heat loss (NT ___\_released from _________\_ fibres)
  4. Decreased sympathetic activity:
    • ​​**decrease ______ and decrease heat production
    • reduce _______ of blood vessels in skin to increase heat loss
    • no _______
A
  1. Increase in body temperature is sensed by thermoreceptors
  2. causes the hypothalamus to alter sympathetic activity to decrease body temperature
  3. Increased sympathetic activity:
    • ​​​​​Increase sweating and heat loss (NT ACh released from sympathetic postganglionic fibres)
  4. Decreased sympathetic activity:
    • ​​**decrease metabolism and decrease heat production
    • reduce vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin to increase heat loss
    • no piloerection
102
Q

Drugs that affect the ANS may act at multiple potential points and affect the:

(5)

A
  1. Synthesis of the transmitter acetylcholine or norepinephrine
  2. Storage of the transmitter within vesicles
  3. release of the neurotransmitters
  4. breakdown of the NT
  5. Action of a transmitter at different receptors
103
Q

What is an agonist drug?

A

Drug that mimics the action of the normal transmitters when they react with receptor

104
Q

What is an antagonist drug?

A

Drug which blocks, or inhibits, the action of the physiological transmitter upon binding to a receptor

Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) (31 decks)

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