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Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) > CNS Lecture 1A > Flashcards

CNS Lecture 1A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Large group of axons forming a commissural fibre (interhemispheric connection) that provides a link between the left and right hemisphere of the brain

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2
Q

What are the three components of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem

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3
Q

What is the Brainstem composed of?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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4
Q

What are four functions associated with the brainstem?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. locomotion
  3. cardiovascular functions
  4. Neurotransmitter Supply
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5
Q

What four lobes make up (one half of) the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Occipital Lobe
  4. Temporal Lobe
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6
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe? (3)

A
  1. Personality
  2. Emotions
  3. Control of movement

The Primary Motor Cortex is located in the frontal lobe (pre-central gyrus)

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7
Q

What functions are associated with the Parietal Lobe? (1)

A
  1. Mediates skin and muscle sensation

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex is located here (post-central gyrus)

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8
Q

What function is associated with the Occipital Lobe?

A

Vision

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9
Q

What are two functions associated with Temporal Lobe?

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Memory

This is where the Primary Auditory Cortex is located

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10
Q

What does the term forebrain refer to?

A

The cerebrum and diencephalon

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11
Q

What functions are associated with the Cerebellum?

A
  • Voluntary Movement
  • Motor Timing
  • Scaling
  • Coordination and learning
  • Balance and gait
  • Eye movements
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12
Q

What does the term cerebral Cortex refer to?

A

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum

(axon cell bodies are clustered = gray matter)

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13
Q

What are four functions associated with the Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Sensory Perception
  2. Motor Control
  3. Language
  4. Cognitive Functions
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14
Q

What are the three nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

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15
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia important for?

A

Initiation of movement and inhibition of antagonistic muscles

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16
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory “switchboard” which selects and relays sensory signals to the cortex

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17
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Part of the brain that maintains homeostasis:

  • temperature control, water balance, hunger
  • Emotions (fight/fright/flight)
  • Autonomic Nervous System
18
Q

What is the Brainstem Responsible for?

A
  • Autonomic functions of the body (heartrate, rate of respiration (or depth of inspiration/expiration) digestion)
  • sleep/wake cycle
  • Arousal
  • Balance
  • Posture
19
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Locomotor pattern generator

  • control timing and sequencing of movements
  • mediates simple reflexes
20
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Interconnected group of brain structures that developed earlier than the cortex during evolution

-behavioural and emotional responses

21
Q

What are four functions associated with the Limbic System?

A
  1. Learning
  2. Emotion
  3. Appetite
  4. Sex
  5. Endocrine integration
22
Q

What are the “pleasure centres” in the brain?

A

Septal Nuclei of the Limbic System

-associated with addiction

23
Q

What are five components of the Limbic System?

A
  1. Septal Nuclei
  2. Olfactory Bulb
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Hippocampus
24
Q

What are the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as?

A

Meninges

25
Q

What are the three meninge layers from outermost to innermost? Provide a short description of each:

A
  1. Dura Mater: tough outer layer
  2. Arachnoid Mater: Spidery intermediary mesh
    • Roof of subarachnoid space (where CSF is stored)
  3. Pia Mater: Delicate Inner Layer
26
Q

Infection of the meninges is known as:

A

Meningitis

27
Q

What is an important relationship between the production and reabsorption of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

A

The CSF is producedat the same rate that it is reabsorbed into the blood of the venous system

-if this reabsorption is blocked = Hydrocephalus

28
Q

Where is CSF produced?

What neuroglial cell is associated with CSF production?

A

In ventricles of the brain

Ependymal Glial Cells

29
Q

What are two functions of the CSF?

A

Maintain electrolyte balance around neurons

Bath and support neural tissue

30
Q

What are the four types of glial cells in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
31
Q

Which glial cell forms a “scaffold” that holds neurons together?

A

Astrocytes

32
Q

What are 5 functions of Astrocytes?

A
  1. Physically support neurons (scaffold)
  2. Form blood-brain barrier
  3. Repair: form scar tissue (note: the scar tissue prevents regeneration of severed axons)
  4. Recycle Neurotransmitters
  5. Maintain electrolyte balance
33
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin sheath around neuronal axons

34
Q

What is the function of Ependymal Cells?

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

What is a function of microglia?

A

Microglia are scavengers that ingest bacteria and cellular debris

36
Q

What is an important note about the relationship between neurons and brain tumors?

A

Neurons cannot undergo cell-division = brain tumors do not develop from neuronal cells

37
Q

Brain tumors arise from what kind of cells?

What is the designated term for these tumors?

A

Glial cells

Gliomas

38
Q

Tumors that arise in the meninges are called:

A

Meningiomas

39
Q

Tumors that arise from glial cells are called:

A

Gliomas

40
Q

What is an anatomical difference between the capillaries in the blood-brain barrier and the capillaries in the rest of the body?

A

Capillaries in the BBB are tightly joined = less porous than capillaries of the rest of the body

41
Q

What are 2 key functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A
  1. Protects neurons from chemical fluctuations and large molecules
  2. Allows oxygen to cross but other molecules (such as Glucose) cannot cross freely and therefore must be aided across via carrier-mediated transport systems
42
Q

What is a clinical disadvantage caused by the BBB?

Provide an example using Parkinsons

A

The BBB blocks the transport of beneficial drugs

-must use pre-cursor drugs which are much smaller and can pass through BBB

Parkinson’s: Because dopamine cannot pass the BBB, use the precursor drug L-dopa. L-dopa is converted to dopamine by the affected cells

Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) (31 decks)

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