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Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) > CNS Lecture 1B > Flashcards

CNS Lecture 1B Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Afferent division of the PNS?

A

Sensory inputs conveyed to CNS by sensory (afferent) nerve axons of the PNS

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2
Q

What is the Efferent division of the PNS?

A

Motor commands conveyed from CNS to the muscles and glands by motor efferent axons

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3
Q

The Afferent division of the PNS has what three divisions?

A
  1. Somatic sensory
  2. Visceral sensory
  3. Special sensory
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4
Q

The efferent division of the PNS can be subdivided into the ________ and the ________

A

Somatic motor and Autonomic Motor

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5
Q

The somatic motor division of the PNS controls ______

The autonomic motor division controls ______ (heart, gut, bladder etc)

A

The somatic division of the PNS controls voluntary movement (skeletal muscle)

The autonomic motor division controls involuntary movement (heart, gut, bladder etc)

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6
Q

The autonomic subdivision of the PNS can be further divided into the _______, _______ and the ______ divisions

A

The autonomic subdivision of the PNS can be further divided into the parasympathetic, sympathetic and the enteric divisions

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7
Q

Where is the cell body of a sensory axon of the PNS located?

A

Just outside the spinal cord in the posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

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8
Q

The axon of the afferent (sensory) neuron enters the spinal cord where it terminates on synaptic connections on _____\_ and ______

A

The axon of the afferent (sensory) neuron enters the spinal cord where it terminates on synaptic connections on interneurons and efferent neurons

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9
Q

The axons of efferent (motor) neurons synapse on effector organs: ______, ______, or _____

A

The axons of efferent (motor) neurons synapse on ​effector organs: muscles, glands, or other neurons

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10
Q

In general terms, the autonomic nervous system innervates _____, ______, and _____

A

In general terms, the autonomic nervous system innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

The PNS transmits _______ information from the CNS to _______

A

The PNS transmits motor information from the CNS to effector organs and tissues

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12
Q

What neurotransmitters is released by efferent (motor) neurons onto skeletal muscle fibres causing contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions differ not only in their anatomy but in the _______ used and the _____ they bind to

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions differ not only in their anatomy but in the neurotransmitters used and the receptors they (the neurotransmitters) bind to

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14
Q

The _______ nervous system is a two-neuron chain while the ______ nervous system has only one neuron that transmits the signal from the CNS to the Effector organ

A

The AUTONOMIC nervous system is a two-neuron chain while the SOMATIC nervous system has only one neuron that transmits the signal from the CNS to the Effector organ

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15
Q

Two Neuron Pathway (autonomic NS)

The cell body of the first neuron (called the ________ neuron) is found within the _____ and it’s axon terminates in a ______ (cluster of cell-bodies in PNS).

The cell body of the second neuron (called the ________) is found within the ______ and it’s axon terminates on the _______.

A

The cell body of the first neuron (called the Pre-ganglionic neuron) is found within the CNS and it’s axon terminates in a Ganglion (cluster of cell-bodies in PNS).

The cell body of the second neuron (called the Post-ganglionic Neuron) is found within the Ganglion and it’s axon terminates on the Effector Organ.

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16
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

What are they divided into?

A

31

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
17
Q

Each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin called a ______ and a specific set muscles called a _____

A

Each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin called a dermatome and a specific set muscles called a myotome

18
Q

Where is the spinal cord found?

A

In the spinal Canal of the Vertebra column

19
Q

What are three functions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Relays signals from the sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the effector organs
  2. Contains neuronal circuitry that generates reflexes and simple rhythmic movements such as walking
  3. Controls breathing
20
Q

What is De-afferentation?

A

Loss of sensory inputs

-has a severe impact on our ability to control our bodies

21
Q

Sensory afferents ______ (split) into _____ and _____ axons

A

Sensory afferents bifurcate (split) into ascending and descending axons

22
Q

The ascending axons (of sensory afferents) form the ______ which ascend to the ______ carrying sensory info to the brain

A

The ascending axons (of sensory afferents) form the Dorsal Column which ascend to the brainstem carrying sensory info to the brain

23
Q

The descending sensory afferent axons travel ____ (towards the tail) for 2-3 spinal segments. Every mm or so for the 2-3 segments, the ascending and descending axons send branches into the ______ of the spinal cord which synapse on ______ and ______

A

The descending sensory afferent axons travel caudally (towards the tail) for 2-3 spinal segments. Every mm or so for the 2-3 segments, the ascending and descending axons send branches into the grey matter of the spinal cord which synapse on interneurons and motorneurons

24
Q

Where are motor neurons located in the spinal cord?

Their efferent axons leave the spinal cord and form the _______

A

In the ventral horn

Their efferent axons leave the spinal cord and form the ventral roots

25
Q

The Spinothalamic Tract (a sensory tract) mediates _____ sensation

A

Pain

26
Q

The Spinocerebellar tracts transmit signals from _____ to the _____

A

The Spinocerebellar tracts transmit signals from muscle receptors to the cerebellum

27
Q

The dorsal (posterior) columns convey _____ information from _____ and ____ receptors from the leg (______ portion) and arms (_____ portion) to sensory cortex via neurons in the thalamus

A

The dorsal (posterior) columns convey sensory information from skin and joint receptors from the leg (gracilis portion) and arms (cuneate portion) to sensory cortex via neurons in the thalamus

28
Q

Which two spinal tracts originate from the brainstem?

  1. (from latter vestibular nucleus)
  2. (from reticular formation (nuclei))
A

Reticulospinal and Vestibulospinal Tracts

29
Q

Which tract originates ipsilaterally from the motor cortex of the brain?

A

Anterior Corticospinal tract

30
Q

Which spinal tract originates ipsilaterally from the Red Nucleus in the Midbrain

A

Rubrospinal tract

31
Q

Which spinal tract originates contralaterally from the motor cortex?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

32
Q

How is the knowledge of dermatomes used clinically?

A

Helps determine the level of spinal cord injury

33
Q

The ____ (number) cervical nerves mediate sensory info from:

A

8 cervical nerves mediate sensory info from the arms

34
Q

The ____ (number) thoracic nerves mediate sensory information from the _____

A

The 12 (number) thoracic nerves mediate sensory information from the abdomen (trunk)

35
Q

The ____ lumbar, ____ sacral and __ coccygeal nerves mediate sensory info from the _____ and ____

A

The 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerves mediate sensory info from the legs and feet

36
Q

What is shingles?

A

Occurs when neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (often in just one or two segments) become infected with a virus related to chicken pox

37
Q

What is tetraplegia (quadriplegia)?

A
  • Paralysis in all four limbs
  • Paralysis of hand and finger movements but not paralysis of breathing or heart rate.
  • Results from a cervical injury (eg complete transection) at C6 or C7
38
Q

What will be affected if someone has a spinal cord injury at L1 or L2?

What is this type of paralysis called?

A

Only functions below that level

= paraplegia

  • Hands, fingers, wrists and elbows will all be able to move
  • breathing, heart rate and blood pressure will all be normal
  • Voluntary movements of the legs and voluntary and reflex control of the bladder, bowel and sex functions will be affected

Vanders Human Physiology (PHYSL 210) (31 decks)

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