Chapter 18.1 Cells and secretions mediating Immune response

Question 1

White blood cells are known as

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Unlike erythrocytes, ______ can leave the circulatory system to enter the tissues where they function

Answer 2

Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes can leave​ the circulatory system to enter the tissues where they function

Question 3

What are the two groups that leukocytes can be classified into (based on the type of stem cell from which they differentiate)?

Answer 3

1. myeloid cells
2. lymphoid cells

Question 4

What are the four types of myeloid cells?

Answer 4

1. neutrophils
2. basophils
3. eosinophils
4. monocytes

Question 5

_____ are another immune cell derived from myeloid precursor cells

Answer 5

macrophages are another immune cell derived from myeloid precursor cells

Question 6

Macrophages are found in virtually all organs and are derived from _____ that pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter the tissues and transform into macrophages

Answer 6

Macrophages are found in virtually all organs and are derived from monocytes that pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter the tissues and transform into macrophages

Question 7

Myeloid-derived cells distinct from macrophages but have macrophage-like functions are termed:

Answer 7

Dendritic cells - because of extensions from their plasma membranes

Question 8

_____ are found throughout connective tissues, particularly beneath the epithelial surfaces of the body and are derived from the differentiation of a unique set of bone marrow myeloid cells that have entered the blood and then left the blood to enter connective tissue for cell division

Answer 8

Mast Cells are found throughout connective tissues, particularly beneath the epithelial surfaces of the body and are derived from the differentiation of a unique set of bone marrow myeloid cells ​that have entered the blood and then left the blood to enter connective tissue for cell division

Question 9

Mast cells have a very large number of ______ _____ which secrete locally acting chemicals such as ______

Answer 9

Mast cells have a very large number of cytosolic vesicles which secrete locally acting chemicals such as histamine

Question 10

Lymphoid cells include several types of ______

Answer 10

Lymphocytes

Question 11

Name four types of lymphocytes

Answer 11

1. B lymphocytes (B-cells)
2. T lymphocytes (T-cells)
3. Natural killer (NK) cells
4. plasma cells - (differentiate from B cells during immune response)

Question 12

Lymphocytes serve as ______ cells in _____ immune response and are essential for all aspects of these responses

Answer 12

Lymphocytes serve as recognition cells in adaptive immune response and are essential for all aspects of these responses

Question 13

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of activities, but particularly important is their ability to _____ _____ _____ and to function as _______ (any cell capable of phagocytosis)

Answer 13

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of activities, but particularly important is their ability to secrete inflammatory mediators and to function as phagocytes (any cell capable of phagocytosis)

Question 14

For Neutrophils, name the

• site where it’s produced
• function(s) (2)

Answer 14

Neutrophils

• Produced in Bone marrow
• Functions:
  
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Release chemicals involved in inflammation (vasodilators, chemotaxins etc)

Question 15

For Basophils name

• Site where it’s produced
• function (1)
• Myeloid cell or lymphoid

Answer 15

For Basophils name

• Produced in Bone Marrow
• Functions in the blood similar to mast cells in tissue cells (release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation)
• Myeloid cell

Question 16

For Eosinophils name

• Site where it’s produced
• functions (2)
• Myeloid cell or lymphoid cell?

Answer 16

• Produced in Bone marrow
• Functions:
  
  1. Destroy multicellular parasites
  2. participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
• Myeloid cell

Question 17

For Monocytes name

• Site where it’s produced
• function (2)
• Myeloid cell or lymphoid cell?

Answer 17

• Produced in Bone marrow
• Functions:
  
  1. carry out functions in blood similar to the functions macrophages carry out in tissues (phagocytosis, extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals, secrete cytokines involved in inflammation etc)
  2. Enter tissues and transform into macrophages
• Myeloid cell

Question 18

Lymphocytes (B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, helper t-cells, NK cells) mature in the _____ (B-cells and NK cells) and ______ (T-cells) and are activated in _____ _____ _____

Answer 18

Lymphocytes (B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, helper t-cells, NK cells) mature in the bone marrow (B-cells and NK cells) and thymus (T-cells) and are activated in peripheral lymphoid organs

Question 19

What are three function of B-cells?

1. B-cells initiate ________ immune responses by binding specific ____ to the B cell’s plasma membrane receptors, which are ______
2. Upon activation, are transformed into _____ which secrete _____
3. Present antigen to ______ _____

Answer 19

1. B-cells initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cell’s plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins
2. Upon activation, are transformed into Plasma cells which secrete antibodies
3. Present antigen to helper t-cells

Question 20

What is the function of Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells)?

Answer 20

Bind to antigens on the plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells

Question 21

What is the function of Helper T-Cells (CD4+ cells)?

Answer 21

Secrete cytokines that help to activate B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, NK cells and macrophages

Question 22

What are two functions of NK cells?

Answer 22

1. Bind directly and nonspecifically to virus-infected cells and cancer cells and kill them
2. Function as killer cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Question 23

Where are plasma cells produced and what is their function?

Answer 23

• Produced in the Peripheral lymphoid organs;
  
  • differentiate from B-cells during immune responses
• Secrete antibodies

Question 24

Macrophages are produced in _______; reside in ______ and differentiate from _______.

Answer 24

Macrophages are produced in Bone Marrow; reside in almost all tissues and organs and differentiate from monocytes.

Question 25

What are four functions of Macrophages?

Answer 25

1. phagocytosis
2. extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals
3. Process and present antigens to Helper T-Cells
4. Secrete cytokines involved in inflammation, activation and differentiation of helper T-cells, and systemic responses to infection or injury (the acute phase response)

Question 26

Where are dendritic cells produced and what are their two functions?

Answer 26

• Produced in almost all tissues and organs; microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)
• Functions:
  
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation

Question 27

Where are mast cells produced, where do they reside and what do they differentiate from?

What is their function?

Answer 27

• Bone marrow; reside in almost all tissues and organs; differentiate from bone marrow cells
• Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

Question 28

What are cytokines?

Answer 28

Collective name given to protein messengers that regulate host cell division (mitosis) and function in both innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 29

Given the cytokines, name the

• source
• target cells
• major functions

Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6

Answer 29

• Source:
  
  • Antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages
• Target cells:
  
  • Helper T-cells
  • Certain brain cells
  • Numerous systemic cells
• Functions:
  
  • Stimulate IL-2 receptor expression
  • induce fever
  • stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection and injury

Question 30

Given the cytokine, name the

• source
• target cells
• Functions

Interleukin 2

Answer 30

• Source:
  
  • Most immune cells
• Target Cells:
  
  • Helper T-Cells
  • cytotoxic T-Cells
  • NK cells
  • B-cells
• Functions
  
  • Stimulate proliferation
  • Promote conversion to plasma cells

Question 31

Given the cytokine, name the

• source
• target cells
• Functions

Interferons (type I)

Answer 31

• Source:
  
  • Most cell types
• Target Cells
  
  • Most cell types
• Function:
  
  • Stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins (INNATE response)

Question 32

Given the cytokine, name the

• source
• target cells
• Functions

Interferons (Type II)

Answer 32

• Source:
  
  • NK cells
  • Activated Helper T-Cells
• Target Cells
  
  • NK cells
  • macrophages
• Functions:
  
  • Stimulate proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic compounds

Question 33

Given the cytokine, name the

• source
• target cells
• Functions

Chemokines

Answer 33

• Source:
  
  • Damaged cells included endothelial cells
• Target Cells:
  
  • Neutrophils and other leukocytes
• Function:
  
  • Facilitate accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury and inflammation