CNS DEPRESSANTS Flashcards
For sedation, sleep, or preanesthetic
Pentobarbital sodium
(Nembutal Sodium)
To treat insomnia; used for sedation, preoperative medication
Secobarbital sodium
(Seconal Sodium)
To relieve anxiety and as short-term hypnotic for insomnia. Avoid alcohol with all barbiturates.
Butabarbital sodium
(Butisol Sodium)
To control convulsive episodes, agitation, anxiety, and delirium tremens
Mephobarbital
(Mebaral)
For sedative or sleep. Used since mid-1800s. no hangover and less respiratory depression. Give with meals or fluids to prevent gastric irritation. Give 15-30 minutes before sleep.
Chloral hydrate
Barbiturate-like drug. For sedation and sleep. Use no longer than 1 wk.
Ethchlorvynol
(Placidyl)
Exhaled via the lungs. Strong odor and disagreeable taste. Seldom used today; has been used to control delirium tremens (DTs) in alcoholics. Can be used for drug poisoning and to control convulsions, such as status epilepticus.
Paraldehyde (Paral)
For treatment of insomnia.
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
For alleviating anxiety that may cause sleeplessness
Alprazolam (Xanax)
New benzodiazepine hypnotic for treatment of insomnia. Should not be used for longer than 6 wk. decreases frequency of nocturnal awakening
Estazolam (ProSom)
For insomnia.
Flurazepam HCl
(Dalmane)
Used as preoperative sedative and to reduce anxiety.
Lorazepam (Ativan)
To treat insomnia and decrease nocturnal awakenings. Avoid alcohol with this drug and all benzodiazepines
Quazepam (Dotal)
To treat insomnia and decrease nocturnal awakenings. Also has sedative effects.
Temazepam (Restoril)
For management of insomnia. Should not be used longer than 7-10 d at a time to avoid tolerance. Avoid alcohol and smoking when taking this.
Triazolam (Halcion)
Management of benzodiazepine overdose or reversal of sedative effects of benzodiazepines with general anesthetics.
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
Nonbenzodiazepines
Zolpidem tartrate
(Ambien)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Highly flammable. Has no severe effect on the cardiovascular system or liver.
Ether
Introduced in the 1950s. Highly potent anesthetic. Rapid recovery. Could decrease blood pressure. Has bronchodilator effect. Contraindicated in obstetrics.
Halothane
(Fluothane)
Introduced in the 1960s. Used during labor. Drug dose is usally less than other anesthetics and does not suppress uterine contraction. Could cause hypotension. Contraindicated in renal disorders.
Methoxyflurane
(Penthrane)
Introduced in 1970s. Similar to halothane. Can depress respiratory function; ventilator support may be necessary. Not to be used during labor, because uterine contractions may be suppressed. Avoid with clients with seizure disorders.
Enflurane
(Ethrane)
Introduced in the 1980s. frequently used in inhalation therapy. Has a smooth and rapid induction of anesthesia and rapid recovery. Could cause hypotension and respiratory depression. Not to be used during labor, because it suppresses uterine contractions. Has minimal cardiovascular effect.
Isoflurane
(Forane)
Introduced in 1992 as a volatile liquid anesthetic. Similar to isoflurane. Rapid recovery after anesthetic administration has ceased. Could cause hypotension and respiratory depression.
Desflurane
(Suprane)
For induction and maintenance during surgery. May be given alone or combined with nitrous oxide. Rate of elimination similar to desflurane.
Sevoflurane
(Ultane)
Rapid recovery. Has minimal cardiovascular effect. Should be given with oxygen. Low potency.
Nitrous oxide
(laughing gas)
Highly flammable and explosive.
Cyclopropane
Has short duration of action. Used for rapid induction of general surgery. Keep client war; shivering and tremors may occur. Can depress respiratory center; ventilatory assistance might be necessary.
Thiopental sodium
(Pentothal)
Has short duration. Frequently used for induction and with other drugs as part of balanced anesthesia. An inhalation anesthesia usually follows.
Methohexital sodium
(Brevital sodium)
Used for induction of anesthesia and as anesthesia for electroshock therapy.
Thiamylal sodium
(Surital)
For induction of anesthesia. No analgesic effect.
Diazepam
(Valium)
For induction of anesthesia and for endoscopic procedures. IV drug can cause conscious sedation. Avoid if cardiopulmonary disorder is present.
Midazolam
(Versed)
A neuroleptic analgesic when combined with fentanyl (potent opiate narcotic): Frequently used with a general anesthetic. Can also be used as a preanesthetic drug. Also used for diagnostic procedures. May cause hypotension and respiratory depression.
Droperidol and fentanyl
(Innovar)
Used for short-term surgery, for induction of anesthesia, or with a general anesthetic to maintain the anesthetic state.
Etomidate
(Amidate)
Used for short-term surgery or induction of anesthesia. Increases salivation, blood pressure, and heart rate. May be used for diagnostic procedures. Avoid with history of psychiatric disorders.
Ketamine hydrochloride
(Ketalar)
For induction of anesthesia; may be used with general anesthesia. Short duration of action. May cause hypotension and respiratory depression. Pain can occur at injection site, so may be mixed with a local anesthetic (lidocaine) to decrease pain.
Propofol
(Diprivan)
Short Acting (1/2-1 h)
Local Anesthetics
Chloroprocaine
(Nesacaine)
Ester
For infiltration, caudal, and epidural anesthesia. Onset of action 6-12 min
Procaine HCl
(Novocain)
Ester
Introduced in 1905. For nerve block, infiltration, epidural, and spinal anesthesias. Useful in dentistry. Caution in use for clients allergic to ester-type anesthetics
Moderate Acting (1-3 h)
