CMB Lecture 1

Question 1

Light Microscope

Answer 1

> Used to visualise whole cells and large subcellular organelles.

> Staining specimen increases visibility.

> Includes fluorescence microscope.

Question 2

Electron microscope

Answer 2

Use electromagnets instead of light to focus a beam of electrons through the specimen(TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

Question 3

Transmission EM

Answer 3

Resolution of 2nm, used to study internal structure, organelles, proteins, nucleic acids. Focus a beam of electrons through the specimen.

Question 4

Scanning EM

Answer 4

Resolution of 10nm,

Used to study cell surface and generate 3D image,

SEMs focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of specimen.

Question 5

Prokaryotic cells have DNA concentrated in the:

Answer 5

Nucleoid, not enclosed by membrane.

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells internal structure

Answer 6

Little or no internal structure or organelles.

Question 7

Prokaryotic cell casing:

Answer 7

Plasma membrane enclosed cytoplasm, follows by cell wall, and the capsule (jelly like coating)

Question 8

Prokaryotic cell flagella and fimbriae:

Answer 8

Flagella is used for locomotion and fimbriae is used for attachment to other bacteria. Flagella uses motor to rotate with rod.

Question 9

Prokaryotic cells contain:

Answer 9

Plasma membrane. Cell wall. Ribosomes. Nucleoid. Fimbriae.

Question 10

Eukaryotic cells:

Answer 10

Contain a nucleus.

Question 11

Plant cells vs animal cell differences:

Answer 11

1. Cellulose cell wall that protects and maintains shape vs no cellulose cell wall.
2. Central vacuole for storage and breakdown of waste products vs small vacuole in animal cells.
3. Chloroplasts vs no chloroplasts.

Question 12

Central vacuole:

Answer 12

Storage and breakdown of waste products.

Question 13

List every cell organelle:

Answer 13

• Nucleus.
• ER
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Cytoskeletons
• Cillia and Flagella

Question 14

Organelles in the endomembrane system.

Answer 14

Nucleus, ER, GA, Lysosomes.

Question 15

Which ER contains ribosomes?

Answer 15

The rough ER is studded with ribosomes

Question 16

Free ribosomes are located where?

Answer 16

In the cytosol

Question 17

Chromatin consists of ___.

Answer 17

DNA and histone proteins.

Question 18

During metaphase, chromatin are ___ ____ with the help of ___.

Answer 18

Densely packed with the help of histone proteins.

Question 19

Nucleolus is only visible during:

Answer 19

division responsible for RNA production

Question 20

The ER is

Answer 20

An interconnecting network of membranes

Question 21

When ribosomes make protein, it would either __ or __.

Answer 21

Secreted by cell, or used by endomembrane system.

Question 22

Smooth ER does what?

Answer 22

Regulates and releases calcium ions and processes toxins.

Question 23

Lipid are manufactured in the __

Answer 23

ER.

Question 24

Once protein has been made, it will be transported to the ___ by the ___.

Answer 24

Golgi apparatus, by vesicles.

Question 25

Golgi modifies proteins via _____, ____, or ___.

Answer 25

Additional carbs, glycocelation, or via addition of phosphates or lipids.

Question 26

Lysosomes are:

Answer 26

Little vesicles, containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 27

Cell takes up food via _____ into _____.

Answer 27

Phagocytosis, into the food vacuole. Enzymes break down food.

Question 28

Hydrolytic enzymes function in lysosomes.

Answer 28

Break down damaged organelles so they can be reused and recycled.

Question 29

Mitochondria general:

Answer 29

Site of cellular respiration, ATP generation, contains its own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 30

How does the Mitochondria increases surface area.

Answer 30

Folding of the cristae that increases SA for respiration.

Question 31

Where does PS occur within the chloroplast?

Answer 31

The thylakoid.

Question 32

Cytoskeleton functions:

Answer 32

,maintains cell shape, facilitates movement of cell and cell components

Question 33

3 types of filaments in the cytoskeleton:

Answer 33

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate filaments.q

Question 34

Microfilaments function:

Answer 34

Also helps cell move, rearranges to make a cell foot which contracts to help move.

Question 35

Intermediate filaments:

Answer 35

Helps anchor organelles, muscles, inside cell

Question 36

Microtubules:

Answer 36

Provide network for organelles like vesicles to move inside cell. ATP drives the motor protein.