Clinical sciences Flashcards
Adrenaline
Acts on what kind of receptors?
G protein-coupled receptors
Insulin
Acts on what kind of receptors?
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Atrial natriuretic peptide
?receptor
Guanylate cyclase receptors
Chi-squared
Expected vs observed results
Uses categorical variables e.g. eye colour - brown, blue, green
Mann–Whitney U test
Non-parametric test
differences between two independent groups when the dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous
e.g. ‘attitudes towards pay discrimination’ and independent variables = ‘men’ and ‘women’
Wilcoxon signed rank test
nonparametric test
used to compare two sets of scores that come from the same participants
to investigate any change in scores from one time point to another, or when individuals are subjected to more than one condition
What cellular component contains double-stranded circular DNA?
Mitochondrion
Normally distributed population
Standard deviation numbers
68.3% of values lie within 1 SD of the mean
95.4% of values lie within 2 SD of the mean
99.7% of values lie within 3 SD of the mean
Taller than average
lack secondary sexual characteristics
small, firm testes
infertile gynaecomastia
Klinefelter’s syndrome
karyotype 47, XXY.
Cohort study - usual outcome study
Relative risk
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Acute anterior uveitis
HLA-A3
Haemachromatosis
HLA-B51
Behcet’s disease
HLA-DR2
Narcolepsy
Goodpastures
HLA-DQ2/DQ8
Coeliac disease
CA19-9
Tumour marker for…
Pancreatic cancer
CA15-3
Tumour marker for…
Breast cancer
HLA encoded on which chromosome?
Chromosome 6
Peroxisome
Job
Catabolism of long chain fatty acids
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Job
Translation and folding of new proteins
Nucleus
Job
Contains DNA, transcription of RNA takes place here
Proteases
Job
Responsible for breakdown of proteins tagged by ubiquitin
Lysosomes
Job
Catabolism of polysaccharides and proteins
HLA-DR3
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Sjogrens
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic abnormality in down syndrome
Nondisjunction
Short stature
High arched palate
Primary amenorrhoea
Turner’s syndrome
Causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uraemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paracetamol, propylene glycol
Infection, iron, isoniazid, inborn errors of metabolism
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
Salicylate
Mitochondrial inheritance
who is affected
Inheritance via maternal line
Affected fathers cannot pass on to children
Affected mothers pass on to all children
poor genotype:phenotype correlation
Genetics:
Expressivity
Extent to which a phenotype shows it’s genotypic expression in an individual
Genetics:
Penetrance
Genotypic expression in a whole population
What molecule does Golgi apparatus add to enzyme to tag it for transport to lysosome
Mannose 6-phosphate
Most suitable plot to show publication bias in a meta-analysis?
Funnel plot
- First immunoglobulins to be secreted in response to an infection
- Fixes complement but does not pass to the fetal circulation
IgM
- Enhance phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
- Fixes complement and passes to the fetal circulation
- Most abundant isotype in blood serum
IgG
Immunoglobulin involved in activation of B cells
IgD
