Clinical Science D. Flashcards
Your patient is on antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. You hear that she has been admitted to emergency to see if the infection has spread into the bloodstream. What could she be at risk of if the infection has spread to her blood?
Septic Shock
What gland(s) is most associated with stress?
Adrenal
What receptors are responsible for monitoring skeletal muscle activity levels in the body?
Proprioceptors
You visit an elderly patient on a home visit. His ankles are swollen with pitted edema. This symptom is new, and he has not yet seen his doctor about it. What treatment options do you consider for him?
No treatment options, refer to doctor
What type of Asthma is triggered by pet dander?
Extrinsic asthma
The blood from the right ventricle passes into which one of the following blood vessels?
Pulmonary Trunk
You have a patient who is going through aggressive cancer treatment and spends excessive amounts of time in bed due to fatigue. Every time he climbs the staircase to use the washroom, he is out of breath. What is compromised?
Cardiac reserve
You have an older patient who is on blood thinners to prevent deep vein thrombosis. He had a hard fall on his elbow while out walking. What symptoms are you likely to see?
Excessive hemorrhaging and bruising
You have a patient who has been gaining weight each time you see him and, as a result, is experiencing a spike in his blood pressure each time you check it. What is the physiological reason for this?
Greater blood vessel length as a result of excess adipose tissue
Yellow skin discoloration, also called jaundice, is most commonly a dysfunction of what organ?
Liver
Congestive heart failure is caused by an excess backup of blood in the heart. What is most directly responsible for this?
after load
What is the extra amount of air that can be inhaled during one deep breath?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which bulk flow pressure also defines blood pressure?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
What kind of hypoxia is related to altitude sickness?
Hypoxic Hypoxia
What is Hypoxic Hypoxia?
means the hypoxia is due to a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air. At high altitudes, there is less oxygen and, therefore, can lead to hypoxic hypoxia.
What is anemia hypoxia?
means there is an issue with the carrying capacity for oxygen. This is due to low numbers of iron for hemoglobin or low red blood cell count. In this case, there is sufficient oxygen in the inhaled air; it just has nothing to attach to in the blood.
what is ischemic hypoxia?
hypoxia is due to a blockage of the delivery route, meaning circulation has been cut off. There is enough oxygen in the inhaled air, and there are enough red blood cells to carry the oxygen; the problem is the ‘road is closed,’ and the blood can’t get to where it needs to go.
What is histotoxic Hypoxia?
an issue with the utilization of oxygen at the tissue end. There is enough oxygen in the air and in the blood, and the vessels are fine and can deliver it to the tissues, but the tissues can’t use it. A classic example of histotoxic hypoxia is cyanide poisoning, where cyanide blocks the utilization of oxygen in the electron transport chain within the mitochondria of a cell.
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
A patient goes in for an emergency surgery and has a splenectomy. What are the risks and side effects of a removed spleen?
Decreased immune response and risk of sepsis
Which one of the following cranial bones is part of the respiratory system?
Frontal bone
What vessel drains two-thirds of lymph in the whole body?
Thoracic Duct
What genetic disorder could lead to hemarthrosis, intracranial bleeding and compartment syndrome?
Hemophilia
You have an adult patient in her late 50s who has complained about her weight gain to you and has said it has been an issue since her mid-20s. She admits that her diet has consisted of highly processed fast foods since her teens, and she rarely exercises, if at all. She reports that lately, she is always thirsty, urinating excessively, and having sweet-smelling urine. What do you suspect your patient may be suffering from?
Type 2 diabetes
You have a patient who reports severe exhaustion, tender lymph nodes, unrelenting fatigue, and non-restorative rest, but no fever. What condition does your patient likely have?
Chronic Fatigue syndrome
What nerve is responsible for the massive parasympathetic output that slows down heart rate?
vagus nerve
Which muscle originates on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the spinous process of the vertebrae 1 to 2 levels above the origin?
Rotators
Where are the majority of the nutrients from food absorbed along the digestive tract?
Small intestine
Which condition could result in a person who has a deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF)?
Pernicious anemia
What vitamin needs Intrinsic factor (IF) to be absorbed?
Vitamin B12
what would a vitamin K deficiency result in?
Clotting disorders
what would a vitamin A deficiency result in?
Visual impairment
what can folic acid deficiency in pregnancy result in?
Spinal bifida
Substances that slow renal reabsorption, and therefore increase urine production are known as:
diuretics
A 44-year-old patient states they were diagnosed with diabetes in their early twenties. They have been insulin dependent since their diagnosis. Their diet has always been balanced and they state that they don’t eat out a lot. They are thin and state they have always had difficulty gaining weight, even since childhood. What type of diabetes does this patient most likely have?
Type 1
A person with left-sided heart failure would experience which of the following patterns of edema?
Pulmonary edema and then eventually peripheral edema
What side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood
Right side
what side of the heart receives oxygenated blood
left side
Which form of hypoxia does carbon monoxide poisoning cause?
Anemic hypoxia
what is hypoxic hypoxia
oxygen can’t get to the lungs or from the lungs to the blood stream
high altitude
airway blockage
pulmonary edema
what is anemic hypoxia
the blood has an issue with hemoglobin and can’t carry the oxygen to target tissues
what is ischemic hypoxia
blood physically cannot make its to destination due to blockage in arteries
what is histotoxic hypoxia
the oxygen can get into lungs and blood but the target tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen due to a toxic affecting them (Cyanide poisoning)
When a therapist takes a patient’s blood pressure what is it that they are measuring?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
A patient seen a day and a half ago contacted their therapist to let them know that their right hand and wrist have developed a burning itching rash today. The treatment was focused entirely on the right hand and wrist for carpal tunnel syndrome. The therapist had worn latex gloves and performed joint mobilizations and frictions to the area. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s rash?
A Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction to the latex gloves
what is a type 1 allergic reaction?
immediate allergic reaction
what is type 2 allergic reaction
Antibody mediated
commonly seen with mismatched blood transfusions
what is a type 3 allergic reaction
antibodies cluster around some internal factor such as a virus or bacteria or rheumatoid factor causing chronic issues (rheumatoid arthritis)
What is a type 4 allergic reaction
a delayed response (poison ivy, etc)
A long-time patient asks their massage therapist to look at a mole on the back of their neck. The mole has been there since the therapist started seeing the patient many years ago. It is about 1 cm in diameter, raised slightly, and circular. The therapist sees the mole has taken on a deeper bluish color since they last saw the patient. What impression can the therapist get from this general observation?
The mole may not be fine as it has changed color
what are the ABCDEs of melanoma?
A - Asymmetry
B - Borders or outer edges uneven
C - Color has become dark black, bluish or has multiple color spots
D - Diameter is greater than 6mm
E - Evolving, its size shape or color has changed
In phenylketonuria, there is a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. What is the essential function of this enzyme?
It converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
Which process will occur in the body if blood pressure drops?
The kidney releases renin which leads to increased Aldosterone and salt reabsorption
Which of the following describes external respiration?
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood
what is internal respiration?
the diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues
A patient who has HIV may have contracted it via:
Sexual contact, blood contact, or breast milk
Lipogenesis is stimulated by
High card
If a patient claims they are having difficulty with adduction and have noted reduced sensation on the medial aspect of their thigh above the knee, which nerve is most likely disrupted?
Obturator nerve
what does the femoral nerve innervate?
anterior compartment of leg
hip flexion
knee flexion
anterior leg sensation
what does the sciatic nerve innervate?
Posterior compartment of leg
Hip extension
knee flexion
posterior leg sensation
what does the lateral cutaneous nerve innervate?
no effect on movement
causes sensory symptoms in the anterolateral thigh
what does the obturator nerve innervate?
medial compartment
adduction
medial thigh sensation
Which hormone levels would be expected in a person with secondary hypothyroidism?
Low levels of TSH and low levels of thyroid hormone
what hormone levels would be expected with someone with primary hypothyroidism?
High TSH and Low thyroid hormone
When a therapist is providing treatment for the platysma, which nerve branch is providing the sensation of the therapist’s touch to the patient?
Transverse Cervical branch
Which medication would a therapist most likely see on a health history form for a patient with bipolar disorder?
Lithium
Provided there is no pathology involved, which artery will supply the majority of the lateral parietal lobes of the cerebrum?
Middle cerebral artery
Which of the following statements is true about the sarcomere when a muscle is being stretched?
The I band becomes longer
Excess amino acids in the body are converted to glucose through:
Glucogenesis
