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clinical psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

demonology

A

doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body

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2
Q

paradigm

A

conceptual framework or approach in which a scientist works

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3
Q

polygenic

A

several genes operating a different times during the cuourse of developmet, turing themselves on and off as they interact with the environment

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4
Q

shared environment

A

things that members of family have in common (family income level

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5
Q

nonshared environment

A

things believed to be distinct among embers of a family such as relationships with freinds or specific events unique to a person

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6
Q

polymorphism

A

the difference in DNA sequence on a gene that has occured in a population

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7
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

the differences between people in a single nucleotide (a,t,g or c) in the dna sequence of a particular gene

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8
Q

copy number variations

A

present in a single gene or multiple genes. refers to an abnormal copy of one or more sections of dna within the genes

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9
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

a given persons sensitivity to an environmental event is influenced by genes

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10
Q

epigenetics

A

study of how environment can alter gene expression or function

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11
Q

agonist

A

drug that stimulates a particular neurotransmitters receptors

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12
Q

antagonist

A

drug that works on a neurotransmitters receptors to dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

connection between the two hemispheres is a band of nerve fibers

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14
Q

gray matter

A

cortex is comprised of the neurons that form the thin outer covering of the brain

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15
Q

gyri

A

ridges in the cortex

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16
Q

sulci

A

depressions between gyri

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

front of the central sulcus, reasoning problem solving working memory and emotion regulation

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18
Q

parietal lobe

A

on top of the brain

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19
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of the brain, vision

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20
Q

temporal lobe

A

side of the brain, sound

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21
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

helps to reglate the amygdala, important in many different dissorders. very front of the cortex

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22
Q

white matter

A

large tracts of myelinated fibers that connect cell bodies in the cortex wiht htose in the spinal cord and in other centers lower in the brain

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23
Q

basal ganglia

A

helps regulate starting and stopping both motor and cognitive activity.

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24
Q

ventricles

A

deep within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulates through the brian through ventricles, connected with the spinal cord

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26
Q

thalamus

A

station for all sensory pathways except the olfactory

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27
Q

brain stem

A

functions as a neural relay station

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

receives neural sensory nerves from the vestibular apparatus of the ear and from muscles, tendons and jints. The info received and integrated relates to balance, posture, equilibrium and the smooth coordination of the body when in motion

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29
Q

limbic system

A

supports the visceral and physical expressins of emotion, quickened heartbeat trembling sweating alterations facial expressions

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30
Q

hippocampus

A

associated with memory

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31
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates metabolism temperature perspiration blood pressure sleeping and appetite

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32
Q

amygdala

A

important area for attention to emotionally salient stimuli

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33
Q

pruning

A

a process where a number of synaptic connections begin to be eliminated

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34
Q

HPA axis

A

central to the body’s response to stress

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35
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone.

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36
Q

natural immunity

A

bodys first and quickest line of defense against infectious microorganisms or other invaders

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37
Q

cytokines

A

help initiaite bodily responses to infection as fatigue fever and activation of HPA axis

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38
Q

specific immunity

A

involves cells that respond more slowly to infection

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39
Q

behavioural activation therapy

A

involves helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement

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40
Q

in vivo

A

in real life situations

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41
Q

object relations theory

A

which stressed the importance f long standing patterns in close relationships, particularly within the family that are shaped by ways in which people think and feel

42
Q

diathesis stress paradigm

A

links genetic neurobiological psychological and environmental factors

43
Q

diathesis

A

consitutional predisposition towards illness

44
Q

episodic disorder

A

symptoms have to be present for a period of time and then clear

45
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

thoughts and movement may be slow for some

46
Q

psychomotor agitation

A

but others cannot sit still, fidget, wring their hands

47
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

second chronic mood disorder. frequent mild symtpos of depression, alternating with mild symptoms of mania

48
Q

heterogeneous

A

people with the same disorder may show different symptoms

49
Q

rapid cycling specifier

A

defined by at least four mood episodes per year

50
Q

trypotophan

A

amino acid used for proteins. forerunner of serotonin

51
Q

hippocampus

A

helps asses how salient and how emotionally important a stimulus is

52
Q

cushings syndrome

A

causes oversecretion of cortisol

53
Q

negative triad

A

negative views of the self, their world and their future

54
Q

cognitive biases

A

tendency to process info in certain negative ways

55
Q

rumination

A

tendency to repetitievly dwell on sad experiences and thoughts, or to chew on material again and again

56
Q

anxiety

A

apprehension over an anticipated problem

57
Q

fear

A

reaction to immediate danger

58
Q

depersonalization

A

feeling of being outside ones body

59
Q

derealization

A

a feeling of the world not being real

60
Q

agoraphobia

A

anxiety about situations in which it would be embarresing or difficult to escape if anxiety symtpoms occurred

61
Q

behavioural inhibition

A

tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with novel toys, people, or other stimuli

62
Q

prepared learning

A

evolution may have prepared our fear circuit to learn fear of certain stimuli very quickly and automatically

63
Q

locus coeruleus

A

major source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain.

64
Q

interoceptive conditioning

A

classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to bodily sensations

65
Q

fear of fear hypothesis

A

agoraphobia is driven by negative thuhgts about hte consequences of experiencing anxiety in public

66
Q

panic controll therapy

A

based on the tendency of people with panic disorder to overreact to the bodily sensations. asked to activate hyperventilation in safe environment for example

67
Q

anxiolytics

A

drugs that reduce anxiety

68
Q

D-cycloserine

A

drug that enhances learning, way to bolster exposure treatment

69
Q

obsessions

A

intrusive and recurring thoughts, images or impulses that are persistent and uncontrollable

70
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive, clearly excessive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occuring

71
Q

yedasentience

A

subjective feeling of knowing that you have thought enough, cleaned enough r n other ways done what you should to prevent chaos and danger from low level threats in the environment

72
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

involves a disconcerting and disruptive sense of detachment from one’s self or surroundings

73
Q

depersonalization

A

sense of being detached from one’s self

74
Q

derealization

A

sense of detachment from one’s surroudnings such that the surrounding seems unreal

75
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

unable to recall important personal information, usually info about some traumatic experience

76
Q

fugue

A

memory loss more extensive.

77
Q

iatrogenic

A

created within treatment

78
Q

somatic symtpom and related disorders

A

excessive concercns about physical symtpoms or health

79
Q

somtic symtpom disorder

A

excessive anxiety, energy or behaviour focused on somatic symptoms

80
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease despite having no significant somatic symptoms

81
Q

conversion disorder

A

the person suddenly develops neurological symtpoms such as blindness seizures or paralysis.

82
Q

reliability

A

consistency of measurement

83
Q

interrater reliability

A

degree to which two independent observers agree on what they have observed

84
Q

test-retest reliability

A

measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice receve similar scores

85
Q

alternate form reliability

A

the extent to which scores on the two forms of the test are consistent

86
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another

87
Q

validity

A

whether a measure measures what is is supposed to measure

88
Q

content validity

A

whether a measure adequately samples the domain of interest

89
Q

criterion validity

A

evaluated by determining whether a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure

90
Q

concurrent validity

A

if both variables are measured at the same point in time the resulting validity is concurrent validity

91
Q

predictive validity

A

criterion validity can be assessed by evaluating the ability of the measure to predict some other variable that is measured at some point in the future

92
Q

construct validity

A

when we want to interpret a test as a measure of some characteristic or construct that is not observed simply or overtly

93
Q

projective test

A

psych assassment tool in which a set of standard stimuli inkblots or drawings , ambiguous enough to allow variation in responses is presented to the person (projective hypothesis)

94
Q

thematic apperception test

A

projective test, person is shown a series of black and white picters one by one and asked to tell a story related to each

95
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

person is shown 10 inkblots one at a time and asked to tell what the blots look like

96
Q

ecological momentary assessment

A

involves collection of data in real time as opposed ot the more usual methods of having people reflect back over some time period and report on recently experienced thoughts moods or stressors

97
Q

reactivity

A

phenomenon wherein behaviour changes because it is being observed

98
Q

metabolite

A

typically an acid, is produced when a neurotransmitter is deactivated

99
Q

neuropsychological tests

A

often used in conjunction with the brain imaging techniques, both to detect brain dysfunction and to help pinpoint specific areas of behaviour that are impacted by problems in the brain

100
Q

psychophysiology

A

concerned with the bodily changes that are associated with psychological events

101
Q

egodystonic

A

intrusions

102
Q

ego syntonic

A

automatic thoughts

Psychology (10 decks)

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