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brain cognition 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

dorsolateral part

A

distal muscles, fine movements

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2
Q

ventromedial parts

A

proximal muscles, posture

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3
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

as one limb flexes, the other extends

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4
Q

golgi tendon reflex

A

protects the muscle from excessivley heavy loads by causing the muscle to relax and drop the load

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5
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

protecting from damage

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6
Q

pyramidal system

A

voluntary (conscious) control of skeletal muscles, begins at upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex to other cortical areas

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7
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

(face) toward cranial nerve nuclei that move eye jaw face and some muscles of neck and throat (pharynx)

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8
Q

corticospinal tract

A

(spine) visible along ventral surface of medulla oblongata as pair of thick bands, the pyramids. control of all non-facial somatic muscles.

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9
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

upper motor neurons in red nuclei (cerebellum). control muscle tone and distal limb muscles that perform more precise movements (fingers)

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10
Q

tectospinal tract

A

upper motor neurons in superior and inferior colliculi. receive visual (superior) and auditory (inferior) info. reflex like orienting response

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11
Q

reflex like orienting response

A

head neck upper limbs move towards visual and auditory stimuli.

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12
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

info from vestibulococlear nerve (inner ear), monitor position and movement of the head to maintain posture and balance.

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13
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

reticular formation, input from many pathways. controls many reflexes (excitability). state of arousal (keeping awake)

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14
Q

pyramidal weakness

A

pattern of weakness in the extensors (upper limbs) or flexors (lower limbs)

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15
Q

babinski sign

A

changed reflexes -> damage cortical spinal tract

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

fine tuning of movements, timing of automated movement sequences, motor memory

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17
Q

spinocerebellum

A

balance, walking, affected by alcohol use

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18
Q

neocerebellum

A

control of fine movements, finger to nose test, speech

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19
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

coordination of eye movements with body movements, VOR (vestibulo-ocular-reflex)

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20
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

damage to cerebellum, lack of muscle coordination, endpoint tremor, slurred speech

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21
Q

GP/SN

A

globus pallidum/substantia nigra

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22
Q

hemiplegia

A

half sided paralysis due to lesions of upper motor neurons coming from M1

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23
Q

apraxia

A

loss of motor skill, not due to muscular upper (M1) or lower motor (spinal cord) neuron deficit

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24
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

rough idea of movement can be executed (SMA, PMC)

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25
Q

ideational apraxia

A

no idea what to do, uses wrong tools (PPC)

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26
Q

in M1 neurons…

A

encode movement direction

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27
Q

affordance competition hypothesis

A

sensory inputs create many potential motor repsonses (affordances) depending on needs and potential payoffs, one of these has to be selected

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28
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

translating movement from retinal (eye-centered) to hand- head or body centered reference frames

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29
Q

the wada test

A

each hemisphere is temporarily anesthetized using amobarbital (or sodium amytal, etc).
In most people, anesthesia of the left hemisphere results in aphasia, the inability to speak or comprehend language
But some people have right hemisphere dominance for language, others bilateral language capabilities

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30
Q

post hoc rationalizations

A

the left hemisphere is trying to explain the actions performed by the right hemisphere

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31
Q

thalamus

A

key switch board of the brain

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32
Q

reitcular nucleus

A

forms a sheet around the thalamus, can gate all info (high arousal; excited) or block all info (no arousal;coma,deep sleep)

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33
Q

reticular formation

A

in the brain stem regulates the excitability (permeability) of the reticular nucleus surrounding the thalamus.

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34
Q

overt attention

A

attention is directed to the same location as the eyes

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35
Q

covert attention

A

attention is directed to another location than the eyes

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36
Q

voluntary (top-down) attention

A

dorsal frontoparietal network

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37
Q

stimulus-driven (bottom-up) attention

A

ventral frontoparietal network

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38
Q

top down network

A

superior parietal lobe, frontal eye fields, middle frontal gyrus

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39
Q

bottom-up network

A

temporoparietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus

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40
Q

disengage attention

A

problems when temporoparietal junction is damaged

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41
Q

move attention

A

problems when superior colliculi are damaged

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42
Q

engage attention

A

problems when pulvinar is damaged

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43
Q

neglect

A

when bottom up network is damaged, disengaging attention becomes impossible

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44
Q

ballint’s syndrome

A

severe, dorsa posterior parietal lobe and LOC have bilateral damage

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45
Q

simultanagnosia

A

unable to consciously see more than one object at the same time

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46
Q

optic ataxia

A

trouble with visual guidance reaching for objects

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47
Q

oculomotor apraxia

A

problems in making eye movements to objects

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48
Q

attention directed to a face/scene

A

higher activation/lower activation fusiform face area

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49
Q

selective attention

A

ability to prioritise and attend to some things while ignoring other things

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50
Q

attentional control mechanisms

A

mechanisms that determine where and on what our attention is focused

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51
Q

simultanagnosia

A

difficulty perceiving the visual field as a whole scene such as when the patient saw only the comb or the spoon but not both at the same time

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52
Q

ocular apraxia

A

deficit in making eye movements to scan the visual field resulting gin the inability to guide eye movements voluntarily

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53
Q

optic ataxia

A

problem in making visually guided hand movements

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54
Q

overt attention

A

when you turn your head to orient toward a stimulus

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55
Q

covert attention

A

appear to be reading this book however while actually paying attention to the two students whispering at the table behind you

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56
Q

early selection

A

idea that a stimulus can be selected for further processing, or it can be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete

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57
Q

late selection

A

hypothesise that all inputs are processed equally by the perceptual system

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58
Q

endogenous cuing

A

the cue predicts the location of the target on most trials

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59
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus

A

portion of the reticular nucleus that surround the LGN. these neurons maintain complex interconnections with neurons in the thalami relays and could modulate info flow from the thalamus to the cortex

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60
Q

inhibition of return

A

participants respond more slowly to stimuli that appear in the vicinity of where the flash had been

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61
Q

feature integration theory of attention

A

idea is here that a spotlight of attention must move sequentially from one item in the array to another

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62
Q

superior colliculi

A

midbrain structures, made up of many layrs of neurons that receive inputs from many sources incl the retina, other sensory systems, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex

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63
Q

pulvinar

A

group of nuclei with connections to any parts of the brain. t has visually responsive neurons that exhibit selectivity for color, motion or orientation.

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64
Q

sensory memory

A

lifetime measured in miliseconsds not seconds

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65
Q

short term memory/working memory

A

seconds to minutes

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66
Q

long term memory

A

may persist for decades

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67
Q

encoding

A

processing of incoming info that creates memory traces to be stored

68
Q

acquisition

A

most stimuli produce a very brief transient sensory response that fades quickly without ever reaching short term memory

69
Q

sensory buffer

A

stimuli are available for processing during acquisition stage

70
Q

consolidation

A

which changes in the brain stabilise a memory over time resulting in a long term memory

71
Q

storage

A

result of acquisition and consolidation and represents the permanent record of the information

72
Q

retrieval

A

involves accessing stored info and using it to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behaviour

73
Q

anterograde amnesi

A

when hippocampus or areas that project to hippocampus are damaged -> loss of memory for events that occur after a lesion, results from the inability to learn new things

74
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events and knowledge that occurred before a lesion

75
Q

temporally limited

A

extending back only a few minutes or hours

76
Q

temporal gradient/ribots law

A

retrograde amnesia tends to be greater for the most recent events

77
Q

declarative mmeory

A

medial temporal lobe, diencephalon. memory for events and for facts both personal and general that we have conscious access to and that can be verbally reported

78
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences that we recall about our own lives

79
Q

semantic memory

A

objective knowledge that is factual in nature but does not include the context in which it was learned

80
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

cannot be verbally reported. no conscious access to

81
Q

procedural memory

A

basal ganglia, depends on extensive and repeated experience. tasks like riding a bike or swimming

82
Q

priming

A

neocortex, refers to a change in the response to a stimulus, or in the ability to identify a stimulus, following prior exposure to that stimulus

83
Q

perceptual representation system

A

structure and form of objects and words can be primed by prior experience, and the effects persist for months.

84
Q

relational memory

A

episodic memory that leads to recollective experiences

85
Q

hippocampus

A

essential for rapid consolidation and initial storage of info for episodic and semantic memories

86
Q

hebbian learning

A

if a synapse is active when a postsynaptic neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened

87
Q

associative LTP

A

extension Hebb’s law ; if a neuron is simultaneously activated by a pathway with a weak input and another pathway with a strong input, both pathways slow LTP and the weak synapse becomes stronger.

88
Q

cooperatively LTP

A

more than one input must be active at the same time

89
Q

associativity LTP

A

weak inputs are potentiated when co-ocuring with stronger inputs

90
Q

specificity LTP

A

only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation.

91
Q

glutamate

A

the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hippocampus

92
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden rem sleep onset

93
Q

deep sleep

A

high amplitude, low frequency EEG

94
Q

reticular activating system

A

critical for maintaining conscious state

95
Q

brainstem reticular formation

A

projects to the cortex, either directly or via the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

96
Q

Brain death

A

no reaction, no pupil response and reflexes, no EEG

97
Q

coma

A

no reactions no sleep wake cycle, often life support needed but reflexes work

98
Q

vegetative state

A

sleep wake cycle, breathing, autonomous reactions, eye movements, orienting sometimes), no reaction or communication

99
Q

locked in syndrome

A

fully awake and conscious yet unable to respond, except with eye or eyelid movements

100
Q

qualia

A

the hard problems; the way things look, feel, sound etc. the private intrinsic ineffable and directly apprehensible phenomena of consciousness.

101
Q

the explanatory gap

A

explaining the function does not explain the experience.

102
Q

dorsal stream

A

vision for action, uses position and shape information for visually guided action

103
Q

ventral stream

A

vision for perception. uses shape (and position) information for visual perception, memory

104
Q

split brain

A

consciousness sits in the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere processes unconsciously

105
Q

neglect/extinction

A

consciousness sits in the parietal cortex, without PC temporal lobe sees nothing

106
Q

blindsight

A

consciousness sits in the ventral stream. the v dorsal stream mediates unconscious blindsight

107
Q

ebbinghaus illusion

A

seeing the same disk as larger or smaller depending on surrounding disks

108
Q

ponzo illusion

A

seeing same distant disks as larger than nearby disk

109
Q

ltp

A

long lasting increase in communication between neurons

110
Q

long term depression

A

long lasting decrease in communication between neurons

111
Q

simple classic conditioning

A

amygdala, cerebellum

112
Q

somatic markers

A

when presented with a situation that requires us to make a decision, we may react emotionally to the situation around us. this emotional reaction is manifest in our bodies as somatic markers

113
Q

ALS

A

affects alpha motor neurons

114
Q

polio

A

viral infection that selectively attacks alpha motor neurons,

115
Q

Premotor cortex

A

externally guided, stimulus driven action, works with posterior parietal cortex

116
Q

supplementary motor area

A

internally guided action works with prefrontal cortex

117
Q

attenuation

A

depending on the amount of attention deployed early or late selection occurs (lots of attention ; early, little attention ; late)

118
Q

early attention

A

early attention of some info, no processing of non attended information

119
Q

late selection

A

late selection of some information, full semantic (meaning) processing of all info, selection occurs afterwards

120
Q

when early and when late selection?

A

early ; during very difficult task, when you know beforehand what to attend to. late ; during easy task, when you don’t know what to attend to

121
Q

perceptual priming

A

happens in sensory cortex, priming becomes weaker when the priming stimulus resembles the test stimulus less

122
Q

repetition suppression

A

if exactly the same stimulus is repeated, less neural activation is observed

123
Q

motor adaptation

A

device distorts direction of motion

124
Q

fight or flight

A

activating the sympathy nervous system to be ready for action

125
Q

amygdala

A

making quick decision based on the emotional value of the stimulus, without amygdala no conditioned fear

126
Q

cognition emotion (dangerous situation)

A

amygdala

127
Q

ready for action emotion

A

hypothalamus

128
Q

feeling, emotion

A

cortical processing

129
Q

left hemisphere

A

involved with cognitive control of emotions, lessons lead to more extreme emotions (loss of control), mostly positive emotions

130
Q

right hemisphere

A

involved with feeling emotions, lesions lead to indifference (loss of feeling), mostly negative emotions

131
Q

using emotions for making (moral) decisions is done by

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

132
Q

activity in anterior insula correlates with

A

consciousness of bodily responses (detecting your heartbeat)

133
Q

lemma

A

meaning and grammatical properties

134
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit of language that has meaning

135
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of speech that can change meaning (bed, bad)

136
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

limited syntax, very basic short sentence structures, but semantics are correct, language comprehension is largely spared.

137
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

speech production is fluent, language that is produced is often lacking meaning (non existing words), semantic paraphasia

138
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

region is involved in the auditory processing of phonemes

139
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A

region is involved specifically in the linguistic processing of phonemes

140
Q

lexical access

A

activate potential candidates based on input, high frequency words are activated more easily

141
Q

semantic paraphasia

A

words are mixed up with semantically related words.

142
Q

n400 when

A

semantically unexpected words “fast people being called slow”

143
Q

p600 when

A

syntactically incongruous words. “the spoiled child throw the toys on the ground “

144
Q

inferior frontal gyrus/ broca’s area

A

involved in language production, lexical selection, syntactic integration

145
Q

anomia

A

inability to find words to label things in the world

146
Q

sylvan fissure

A

fissure located between the temporal and frontal lobe. language processing is localised mainly around this fissure

147
Q

dysarthria

A

speech problems caused by the loss of control over articulatory muscles

148
Q

agrammatic aphasia

A

a deficit in syntactic production, when only the most basic grammatical forms are produced and comprehended.

149
Q

conduction aphasia

A

caused by a lesion to the arcuate fascicles. uses a deficit to repair specs errors even tho they can comprehend them.

150
Q

arcuate fascicle

A

a white matter tract that flows from wernicke to Broca area)

151
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

deficit in comprehending speech but not the ability to repeat what was heard.

152
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

similar to Broca’s aphasia but maintains the ability to repeat back heard phrases.

153
Q

progressive semantic dementia

A

initially show impairments in a conceptual (semantic) system, but other mental and language abilities are spared.

154
Q

antagonistic muscle

A

a muscle which opposes the action of another muscle. done through inhibitory synapse

155
Q

macro planning of lexical concept

A

goals and subgoals are expressed in an order which best serves the communicative plan

156
Q

micro planning of lexical concept

A

proposes how the info is expressed. determines word choice and the grammatical roles that the words play.

157
Q

dells spreading activation model

A

speech is produced by a number of connected nodes representing distinct units of speech (i.e. phonemes, morphemes, syllables, concepts, etc.) that interact with one another in any direction, from the concept level (Semantic level), to the word level (Lexical selection level) and finally to the sound level (Phonological level) of representation

158
Q

levels model of language production

A

focuses on the production of single words rather than the construction and output of whole sentences. focuses on lexical access aspects of speech production. The system ‘self-monitors’ itself for errors in order to repair speech before articulation

159
Q

stages of levels model of language production

A

conceptual preparation, lexical selection, morphological encoding, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, articulation

160
Q

ventral pathways cortical language circuit model

A

important for comprehension of the meanings of the word

161
Q

dorsal pathway that connects the premotor cortex is involved in

A

speech preparation

162
Q

dorsal pathway that connects to Broca’s area is involved in

A

syntactic processing

163
Q

lower level representations

A

those constructed from sensory input (the world itself)

164
Q

higher level represenation

A

those constructed from the context preceding the word to be processed

165
Q

mcclelland and rumelhart computational model

A

one which permits top-down info to influence earlier processes that happen at lower levels of representation. processes can even take place in parallel (several letters can be processed at the same time). nodes in each layer can influence the activation status of the nodes in the other layers by excitatory or inhibitory connections

Psychology (10 decks)

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