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brain cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

optogenetics

A

how photoreceptor proteins could control neuroactivity

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2
Q

angiography

A

clinical imaging method used to evaluate the circulatory sytem in the brain nd diagnose disruptions in circulation

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3
Q

cerebral vascular accidents

A

strokes, occur when blood flow in the brain is suddenly disrupted

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4
Q

degenerative disorders

A

huntingtons disease, progressive diseases like parkinsons and alzheimers

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5
Q

double dissociation

A

whether two cognitive fucntions are independent of each other

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6
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

electrodes are implanted in the basal ganglia. Continuous electrical signals that stimulate neural activity

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7
Q

knockout procedures

A

developing genetically altered animals

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8
Q

computed tomography (CT or CAT)

A

allows for the reconstruction of threedimensional space from compressed two dimensional images.

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9
Q

diffusion tensor imaging

A

can offer info about anatomical connectivity between regions of the anatomical structure of the axon tracts that form the brains white matter

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10
Q

retinotopic

A

in vision topographic representations. cell activity within a retinotopic map correlates with the location of the stimulus

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11
Q

multiunit recording

A

recordings made in many neurons simultaneously

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12
Q

EEG

A

when populations of neurons are actie together they produce electrical potentials large enough to be measued by non invasive electrodes that have been placed on the scalp

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13
Q

event related potential

A

the evoked responses that are caused by an the variations in the brains electrical activity due to a external stimulus or response

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14
Q

time frequency analysis

A

the fact that the amplitude (power) of a wave in different frequency regions varies over the course of processing

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15
Q

MEG (magneto encephalography)

A

technique related to ERP. the electrical current associated with synaptic activity produces small magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the current

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16
Q

electrocortogram

A

similar to eeg except the electrodes are placed directly on the surface of the brain either outside the udra or beneath it

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17
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

produce high resolution images of soft tissue. exploits magnetic properties of atoms that mae up organic tissue

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18
Q

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

A

measures the density and motion of water contained in the axons

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19
Q

PET (positron emission tomorgraphy)

A

measures local variations in cerebral blood flow that are correlated with mental acitivity. radioactive substance introduced into bloodstream

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20
Q

voxels

A

regions of neurons

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21
Q

BOLD blood oxygen level dependent effect

A

the fmri detectors measure the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin.

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22
Q

block design experiment

A

recorded neural activity is integrated over a ‘block’ of time during which thent either is pres enteda stimulus r performs a task

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23
Q

event related design

A

neural activation is compared between experimental and control scanning phases

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24
Q

glial cells

A

nonneural cells that serve various functions in the nervous sytem. providing structural support and electrical inslation to neurons and modulating neuronal activity.

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25
Q

soma

A

cell membrane encases the cell body. contains metabolic machiery that maintains the neuron

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26
Q

cytoplasm

A

salty intracellular fluid that is made up of combi of ions ; potassium sodium chloride and calcium and proteins

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27
Q

dendrites

A

branching extensions of the neuron that receive inputs from other neurons

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28
Q

spines

A

little knobs attached by small necks to the surface of the dendiretes where the dendrites receive inputs from other neurons

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29
Q

axon

A

single process that extends from the cell body

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30
Q

synapse

A

specialized structure where two neurons come into close contact so that chemical or electrical signals can be passed from one cell to the nect

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31
Q

axon collaterals

A

can transmit signals to more than one cell

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32
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

allong the length of the axons there are evenly spaced gaps in the myelin.

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33
Q

neuronal signaling

A

neurons receive evluate and transmit information

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34
Q

presynaptic

A

when their axon makes a connection onto other neurons

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35
Q

postsynaptic

A

when other neurons make connection into their dendrites

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36
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the voltage difference acros the neuronal membrane in the resting state is typically -70mV

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37
Q

neuronal membrane

A

bilayer of fatty lipid molecules that seperates the cytoplasm from the extracellular millieu

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38
Q

ion channels

A

proteins with a pore through their centers and they alow certain ions to flow down their concentradion gradients

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39
Q

ion pumps

A

use energy to actively transport ions across the membrane against their concentration gradients ; from regions of low concentration to regions of higher concentration

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40
Q

permeability

A

the extent to which a particular ion can cross the membrane through a given ion channel

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41
Q

gated ion channels

A

ion channels that are capable of changing their permeability for a particular ion, they open or close based on changes in nearby transmembrane voltage, or as a response to chemical or physical stimuli

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42
Q

nongated ion channels

A

ion channels that are unregulated and hence always allow the associated ion to pass through

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43
Q

electrical gradient

A

because each K+ ion carries one unit of positive charge out of the neuron as it moves across the membrane.

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44
Q

electrochemical equillibriu

A

when the force of the concentration gradient pushing K out through the K+ channels is equal to the force of the electrical gradient driving K+ in.

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45
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials EPSPs

A

at synapses on the neuron dendrites cause ionic currents to flow in the volume of the cell body

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46
Q

electrotonic conduction

A

passive current conduction. diminishes with distance from its origin (the synapse)

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47
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolarization and repolarization of a small region in the membrane caused by the opening and closing of ion channels

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48
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

e a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel.

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49
Q

spike triggering zone

A

initiates the action potential in the axon hillock allng the axon

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50
Q

depolarized membrane potential

A

membrane moves from its resting potential of about -70 mV to -55 mV (threshold)

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51
Q

equillibrium potential

A

particular voltage at which there is no net flux of ions

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52
Q

hyperpolarization stage

A

is a change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative. … Hyperpolarization is often caused by efflux of K+ (a cation) through K+ channels, or influx of Cl– (an anion) through Cl– channels

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53
Q

refractory period

A

a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.

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54
Q

saltatory conduction

A

is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials

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55
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between neurons at the synapse

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56
Q

vesicles

A

is a large structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

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57
Q

isopotential

A

have the same electrical potential

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58
Q

glial cells

A

surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them

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59
Q

microglial cells

A

a specialised population of macrophages that are found in the central nervous system (CNS). They remove damaged neurons and infections and are important for maintaining the health of the CNS.

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60
Q

neural circuits

A

groups of interconnected neurons that process specific kinds of info

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61
Q

neural systems

A

for ex. the visual system is composed of many dfferent neural circuits organised in both hierarchical and parallel processing streams to enable vision

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62
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia

63
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involved in controlling the involuntary action of smooth muscles the heart and various glands

64
Q

sympathetic system

A

increases heart rate, prepares body for action

65
Q

parasympathetic system

A

slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, in general helps body with functions to maintainthe body

66
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

67
Q

nucleus

A

compact arrangememnt of nerve celll bodies and their connections ranging from hundreds to millions of neurons. located througout the brain and spinal cord

68
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the brain

69
Q

gray matter

A

composed of neuronal cell bodies

70
Q

white matter

A

consists of axons and glial cells

71
Q

medulla

A

essential for life. providing sensory and motor innervtions to the face neck abdomen and throat. controls respirtion heart rate and arousal

72
Q

pons

A

connection between brain and cerebellum. important for some eye movements as wella s those of the face and mouth. responsible for REM

73
Q

cerebellum

A

clings to brainstem at level of the pons, critical for maintainging posture, walking and perforing coordinated movements

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls functions necessary for maintaining normal state of the body

75
Q

cytoarchitectonics

A

uses the microanatomy of cells and their organization to subdivide the cortex

76
Q

neocortex

A

cortex that contains six cortical layers or that passed through a developmental stage involving six cortical layers. includes areas like primary sensory and motor cortex and association cortex

77
Q

acuity

A

how good we are at distinguishing among stimuli within a sensory modality

78
Q

oval window

A

door to the fluid filled cochlea

79
Q

cochlea

A

critical auditory structure of inner ear

80
Q

tonotopy

A

the arrangement of the hair cells along the cochlear canal form a tonotopic map

81
Q

interaural time

A

difference in when a sound reaches each of the two ears

82
Q

optic chiasm

A

crossover place in the brain rom the optic nerves

83
Q

receptive field of the neuron

A

most visual neurons only respond when a stimulus is presented in a specific region of space

84
Q

retinotopic maps

A

topographic representations

85
Q

rhodopsin

A

light sensitive receptor protein, enables vision in low light conditions

86
Q

m pathway

A

magnocellular, parasol cells, initial analysis of movement of visual image

87
Q

p pathway

A

parvocellular, midget cells, analysis of fine strucuture and color vision

88
Q

ocular dominance columns

A

are stripes of neurons in the visual cortex of humans that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other.

89
Q

amblyopia

A

lazy eye

90
Q

receptive field tuning

A

a neuron will only respond to a stimulus within its receptive field if that stimulus has certain characteristics

91
Q

cortical column/hypercolumn

A

is a group of neurons in the cortex of the brain that can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields

92
Q

view dependent frame of reference

A

people have a cornucopia of speciic representations in memory; we simply need to match a stimulus to a stored representation

93
Q

view invariant frame of reference

A

perceptual system extracts structural info about the components of an object and the relationship between these components

94
Q

repetition suppression effect

A

hypothesized to indicate increased neural efficiency ; the neural response to the stimulus is more efficient and perhaps faster when the pattern has been recently activated

95
Q

central sulcus

A

divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

96
Q

sylvian (lateral) fissure

A

seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

97
Q

insula

A

located between temporal and frontal lobe ad is an island of folded cortex hidden deep in the lateral sulcus

98
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

more complex aspects of planning, organizing, and executing behaviour tasks that require integration of info over time

99
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory info from the outside world, sensory info from within the body and info from memory and integrates it

100
Q

thalamus

A

sensory info about touch pain temp sense and limb proprioception is received via receptor cells on the skin and converted to neuronal impulses that are conducted to the spinal cord and then to the somatosensory relays of the thalamus

101
Q

somatotopy

A

the mapping of specific parts of the body to areas of the cortex

102
Q

association cortex

A

portion of the neocortex that is neither sensory nor motor cortex . receives and integrates inputs from many cortical areas, language, abstract thinking

103
Q

cognitive control

A

cognitiive processes that permit us to perform more complex aspects of behaviour

104
Q

perseveration

A

patients may persist in a response even fter being told that it is incorrect

105
Q

utilization behaviour

A

extreme dependency on prototypical responses for guiding behaviour

106
Q

goal oriented actions

A

based on the assessment of an expected reward or value and the knwledge that there is a causal relationship between the action and reward

107
Q

habit

A

an action that is no longer under the control of a reward, but is stimulus driven

108
Q

recency memory

A

the ability to organize and segregate the timing or order of events in memory

109
Q

astrocytes

A

large and round forms which surround neurons, makes contact with blood. Blood brain barrier. CNS

110
Q

microglial

A

come into play when tissue is damaged. devour and remove damaged cells in CNS

111
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

structure which forms myelin. in peripheral nervous system

112
Q

schwann cells

A

create myelin with wrapping their cellmembranes aroudn the axon. increases the speeds of action potentials

113
Q

convergence

A

axons from the input neurons can originate from widely distributed origins / if a theoretical concept can be proven with many different neuroscientific techniques, then it is highly likely true

114
Q

divergence

A

a single neuron can project to multiple target neurons in different regions

115
Q

dura matter

A

the outer membrante (thick) which has a rigid organization of neurons

116
Q

commissures

A

when axons travel to the other hemisphere

117
Q

dorsal horn

A

contains sensory neurons and interneurons

118
Q

ventral horn

A

contains large motor neurons

119
Q

inferior

A

below another part

120
Q

superior

A

above another part

121
Q

proximal

A

located close to the point of origin or attachment

122
Q

distal

A

located more distant from the point of origin

123
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

124
Q

contralateral

A

on teh opposite side of the body

125
Q

coronal plane

A

plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front

126
Q

sagital plane

A

a plane that shows brain structures as seen fro the side

127
Q

horizontal plane

A

a plane that shows brian structure as seen from above

128
Q

superior colliculi

A

specialized for seeing

129
Q

inferior colliculi

A

specialized for hearing

130
Q

vestibulo

A

includes balance, coordination of eye movement while moving

131
Q

spino

A

includes poly sensory integration and flexible control of moving limbs

132
Q

neo

A

plannign of movement, higher mental functions and time perception

133
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

stimulates hunger

134
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

suppresses hunger

135
Q

internal transformations

A

sensory signals can activate a memory of a stimulus.

136
Q

retino-cortical expansion

A

visual info from the central part of the visual field is projected on a bigger part of the primary visual cortex, in comparison the the peripheral visual fields

137
Q

achromatopsia

A

caused by lesions that encompass V4. report seeing colour as a bland palette of dirty shades of grey

138
Q

akinetopsia

A

selective loss of motion perception

139
Q

visual agnosia

A

when people see objects, but not make sense of them

140
Q

optic ataxia

A

people can recognize objects but cannot use visual info to guide their actions

141
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

problems with object recognition regarding bjects with limited stimulus (outlines of objects or unusual perspective)

142
Q

integrative agnosia

A

problems with integrating features into parts or parts of an object into a whole

143
Q

associative agnosia

A

can perceive objects but cannot understand or assign meaning to the objects

144
Q

prosapognosia

A

impairments in face recognition

145
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

cell membrane

146
Q

ligand

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

147
Q

spatial summation

A

epsp’s and ipsp’s from different locations happening at the same time summate to larger depolarizations

148
Q

temporal summation

A

epsp’s arriving shortly after one another at the same location summate to larger depolarizations

149
Q

hodgkin-huxley cycle

A

the inflow of Na+ causes further opening of voltage gated Na+ channels, causing more depolarization, causing more channels to open

150
Q

complementarity

A

precision in time, precision in space, one/many neurons measured, direct vs indirect measurements of the brain

151
Q

high temporal resolution

A

precise in time

152
Q

low spatial resolution

A

imprecise in space

153
Q

graded potentials

A

small depolarisation/hyperpolarisations in membrane voltage

154
Q

local field potentials

A

if a large number of neurons produces graded potentials at the same time

Psychology (10 decks)

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