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MLPAO/CSMLS Study > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Virus?

A
  • Noncellular
  • May not be living
  • Contains DNA & RNA + Protein coat
  • No independent reproduction
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2
Q

What is Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotic microbes
  • Unicellular
  • Pore size
  • Reproduced with binary fission
  • Live independently in soil, water, plants, etc..
  • Normal flora in humans
  • Cause disease
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3
Q

Fungi, Yeasts, Molds has?

A

Hyphae (fuzz)

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4
Q

What is “Protozoa and Amoeba”

A
  • Mostly single celled
  • Eukaryotic
  • Can be free living or in human hosts
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5
Q

What is Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Spirochetes?

A

Can adapt inside the human body

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6
Q

Structures: Capsule

A
  • Slime layer
  • Makes phagocytosis harder (WBC defense)
  • Increases virulence
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7
Q

Structures: Cell Wall

A

Contains peptidoglycan (gram+, gram-)

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8
Q

Structures: Flagella

A

Motility

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8
Q

Structures: Plasmid

A
  • Extra set of external circle DNA
  • Allows microorganism to replicate independently (antibiotic resistance)
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9
Q

Temperature Classifications: Cold to Hot

A
  • Cryophiles
  • Psychrotrophs
  • Mesophiles
  • Thermophiles
  • Hyperthermophlies
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10
Q

Gas Classifications: Obligate

A

Specific conditions

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11
Q

Gas Classifications: Facultative

A

Flexible conditions

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12
Q

Temperature Classifications: Aerobic

A

Needs O2

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13
Q

Temperature Classifications: Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t need O2

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14
Q

Temperature Classifications: Microaerophilic

A

Low O2 (campylobacter)

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15
Q

Temperature Classifications: Capnophile

A

Needs CO2

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16
Q

Temperature Classifications: Facultative Anaerobe

A

Prefers O2; can survive without

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17
Q

Temperature Classifications: Fastidious

A

Requires specific nutrition

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18
Q

Media: Thioglycollate Broth

A

Allows bacteria to choose it’s own conditions to tell you if it’s aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic etc.

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19
Q

Media: Blood Agar

A
  • Enriched
  • Non selective
  • Differentiates hemolytic reactions (THROAT SWAB)
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20
Q

Media: Chocolate Agar

A

Enriched for fastidious organisms

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21
Q

Media: Thayer Martin

A
  • Selective
  • Contains antibiotics to isolate for neisseria
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22
Q

Media: Modified Thayer Martin

A
  • Selective
  • Additional antibiotic to inhibit proteus
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23
Q

Media: Macconkey

A
  • Selective for gram-
  • Differential for lactose fermenters
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24
Q

Media: Salmonella Shigella

A
  • Selective for salmonella, shigella
  • Differential lactose fermenter
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25
Q

Media: Sodium Thiosulphate

A
  • Selective for salmonella, shigella
  • Differential sulphur reducers
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26
Q

Media: Hektoen Enteric Agar

A
  • Selective for gram-
  • Differential sulphur reducers
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27
Q

Media: Phenylethyl Agar (PEA)

A

Selective for gram+

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28
Q

Media: CLED Agar

A

Differential for urinary microbes

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29
Q

Media: Sheep Blood Agar

A

Heated to 75-80C to make chocolate agar

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30
Q

Catalase Test

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide bubbles
  • Differentiates staph and strep (+staph, -strep)
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31
Q

Coagulase Test

A
  • s.auerus produces coagulase
  • (+staph aureus, -another staph)
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32
Q

Incubation: Aerobic

A
  • Upside down
  • 35C ~ 24-48hrs (35C mimics temp of human host)
33
Q

Incubation: Anaerobic - Gaspak Jar

A

Catalyst combines with residual oxygen with hydrogen to make water, removing oxygen

34
Q

Incubation: Anaerobic - Candle Jar

A
  • Candle burns remaining oxygen
  • Creating reduced O2
  • Increased CO2 environment - 5%
35
Q

Incubation: Anaerobic - Campypak

A

Requires 42C

36
Q

Microbe Shapes: Coccus

A
  • Sphere, ball
  • Cluster = staphylo
  • Chain = Strepo
37
Q

Microbe Shapes: Bacillus

A
  • Rod
  • Single, pair, chain, random (endospores)
38
Q

Microbe Shapes: Spiral

A
  • Coil
  • Motile
39
Q

Staining: Positive Stain

A

Cells stained

40
Q

Staining: Negative Stain

A

Background stained (India ink)

41
Q

Staining: Differential Stain

A
  • Gram stain
  • Acid Fast stain
42
Q

Gram Stain: Chemicals

A

Crystal violet - iodine - acetone - safranin

43
Q

What does Gram+ Peptidoglycan do?

A

Traps crystal violet inside, making it purple

44
Q

What does Gram- Peptidoglycan do?

A

Crystal violet gets flushed out; safranin dyes it pink

45
Q

Blue Stain used in Acid Fast Stain (Ziehl-neelson)

A

Carbol-fuchsin/methylene blue

46
Q

Kirby Bauer Test for Antibiotic Susceptibility

A

Muller Hinton Agar:
- Streak lawn
- Add antibiotic discs
- incubate
- Measure zone of inhibition

47
Q

Swabs: Sterile

A
  • Blood
  • Body fluids
  • Tissues
  • Bone marrow
48
Q

Swabs: Non-sterile

A
  • Throat
  • Skin
  • Wound
  • Feces
49
Q

Swabs: Wounds

A

Deep = anaerobic
Surface = aerobic

50
Q

Swabs: GI (Gastrointestinal)

A
  • Gram-like Enterobacteriaceae
  • Salmonella, shigella
  • Campylobacter
  • E. Coli
51
Q

Swabs: V Swab

A

Polyester Tip:
- Cotton toxic to gonorrhea
- Wooden stick toxic to chlamydia

52
Q

Swabs: Names

A
  • Amie’s transport media
  • Stuart’s transport media
  • Cary-Blair transport media (GI parasites)
53
Q

Inoculating Plates

A
  • Start with non-selective
  • Move towards selective
  • ANA, BA, CA, Mac
54
Q

UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: Normal Range

A

100 - 1000 colony forming

55
Q

UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: Contaminated

A
  • More than 1000
  • Less than 10,000
56
Q

UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: UTI

A

10,000 - 100,000+

57
Q

Mycology: Mycoplasma

A

Does not have cell wall

58
Q

Mycobacterium Stains: Acridine Orange

A

Confirms bacteria in blood (then gram stained)

59
Q

Mycobacterium Stains: Auramine-Rhodamine

A

Acid fast mycobacterium (mycolic acid has affinity for stain)

60
Q

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 1

A

Denaturation:
- Break down DNA double helix @ 94C

61
Q

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 2

A

Annealing/Priming:
- Small fragments of new DNA strands built @ 55-65C

62
Q

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 3

A

Extensions:
- Enzyme; polymerase catalyzes new strands @ 72C

63
Q

RNA Virus

A

RNA must be built into DNA before denaturation step can take place

64
Q

Assorted Terminology from Review: Thermolabile

A

Sensitive to heat; damaged by heat

65
Q

Assorted Terminology from Review: EDC or EDD

A

Medical acronym for pregnancy due date

66
Q

Assorted Terminology from Review: TLV

A

Threshold Limit Value

67
Q

Assorted Terminology from Review: Fomite

A

Inanimate object; can be contaminated with infectious agent

68
Q

Gram’s Staining Steps

A
  1. Heat fix
  2. Primary stain - Crystal violet; 1 min
  3. Rinse with water; back of slide
  4. Mordant - iodine; 1 min
  5. Rinse with water; back of slide
  6. Decolorizer - Acetone alcohol; 3-5 sec
  7. Rinse with water; back of slide
  8. Counterstain - Safranin; 1 min
  9. Rinse with water; back of slide
  10. Anaerobes/aerobes
69
Q

Gram Staining Results if Steps Missed

A

Pink = Negative
Blue = Positive

70
Q

Zeihl-Neilson Staining Steps

A
  1. Heat fix
  2. Flood slide; Carbol Fuchsin
  3. Heat slide slowly; maintain steam; 5 min
  4. Rinse with water; back of slide
  5. Flood slide; 3% acid-alcohol; 5 mins; allow to decolorize
  6. Rinse with water; back of slide
  7. Flood slide; methylene blue; 1 min
  8. Rinse with water; back of slide
71
Q

Human Virus Size

A

20-200 nm; diameter

72
Q

Bacteria Virus Size

A

2-3 um; length

73
Q

What Causes Strep Throat?

A

Group A Streptococcus:
- Spread through contact with droplets with infected person

74
Q

Culture Media: Alpha-Hemolysis

A
  • Damaged RBC in blood (not lysis)
  • Media translucent; green-ish tinge around colonies
75
Q

Culture Media: Beta-Hemolysis

A
  • Lysis of RBC
  • Media looks completely transparent around colonies
76
Q

Rickettsia: Found in

A
  • Ticks
  • Lice
  • Fleas
  • Mites
  • Chiggers
  • Mammals
77
Q

What is Saponin?

A
  • Detergent-like substances showing antibacterial
  • Anticancer potential
78
Q

How to do Lake Staining?

A

Dye + Mordant

79
Q

What causes results of Gram Staining?

A

Gram positive = Higher peptidoglycan
Gram negative = Higher lipid

80
Q

Agar melts around what Temperature?

A

85C

81
Q

Agar Solidifies around what Temperature?

A

34-42C

MLPAO/CSMLS Study (13 decks)

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