Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLPAO/CSMLS Study > Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What detects Glucose on Urine Reagent Strips?

A

Enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What detects Ketones on Urine Reagent Strips?

A

Nitroprusside reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

With Pregnancy, will Hematocrit go up or down?

A
  • Decreases; first trimester
  • Reaches lowest; end of second trimester
  • Increases; third trimester
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

With Pregnancy, will Fibrinogen go up or down?

A

Increase progressively from first to last trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

With Pregnancy, will Glomerular Filtration go up or down?

A

Increases 40% - 50% in a normal pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

24 Hour Urine: Reference Range

A

800 - 2,000 mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

24 Hour Urine: Anuria

A
  • Absent/no urine
  • Kidney’s aren’t producing urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

24 Hour Urine: Polyuria

A
  • Large amounts of urine
  • More than 3 L/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

24 Hour Urine: Oliguria

A
  • Low urine output
  • Less than 400 mL/day or 20mL/hour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hyaline Casts: Are they Normal?

A

Occassional is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hyaline Casts: Increased Result of

A
  • Stress
  • Strenuous Exercise
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Congestive heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyaline Casts: Formed by

A

Formed by aggregated Tamm-Horsfall protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyaline Casts: Location

A

Kidney Tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Amorphous Urates

A

Dark or yellow-red granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Calcium Oxalate - Dihydrate

A
  • Envelope shape (dihydrate form)
  • Oval, dumbbell (monohydrate form)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Calcium Oxalate - Monohydrate

A
  • Found in both normal and abnormal urine
  • Can be found in a range of urine pH from acidic to neutral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Uric Acid - Various Shapes

A

Colorless-to-yellow or brown

  • Rhombus
  • Hexagonal plates
  • Rosettes
  • Rectangles
  • Irregular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Ammonium Biurate

A
  • Round; thorny projections
  • Dark yellow to brown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Amorphous Phosphate

A

Amorphous granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Calcium Phosphate

A
  • Flat rectangles
  • Prisms
  • Rosettes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Crystals in the Urine: Triple Phosphate

A

4-6 sided prisms resembling coffin lids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Usually present in Urine?

A
  • 95% water
  • 5% solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the 3 Liver Functioning Tests and Tubes Used

A
  1. Albumin & total protein
  2. Bilirubin (protect from light)
  3. Prothrombin Time (PT)
    - Use yellow-gold & blue tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does it mean if there’s indication of Bilirubin in the urine?

A

Early signs of liver damage / Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bence-Jones Protein: Precipitate

A

45-60C temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bence-Jones Protein: Redissolve

A

Heated near 130C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Confirmatory Tests in Urinalysis: Bilirubin

A

Ictotest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Confirmatory Tests in Urinalysis: Ketones

A

Acetest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Confirmatory Tests in Urinalysis: Protein

A
  • Acid precipitation
  • Dilute sulfosalicylic acid
  • Dilute acetic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Key Ingredients in Clinitest in Urinalysis: Copper Reduction Tests

A
  • Detects reduced sugars
  • Use for sugars other than glucose
  • Galactosuria
  • Caustic reagent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Orange Urine will indicate the presence of what?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Problem with liver or bile duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What will indicate the presence of Ketones in Urine?

A
  • Some ketones is normal
  • High ketone levels; body is too acidic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fecal Absorbance Test (Patient Instructions)

A
  • 100-150 grams; fat
  • 100 grams; protein
  • 180 grams; carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Grades of Water: Water = ?

A

Universal solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Grades of Water: Distillation

A

Steam rises; free from microbiological impurities, bacteria, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Grades of Water: Deionization

A

Removal of ionic impurities; chemical, bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Grades of Water: Type I - Highest Purity

A
  • Trace metals removed
  • Used for sensitive analytical procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Grades of Water: Type II - Less than Type I

A
  • General lab procedures
  • Preparations of reagents/stains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Grades of Water: Type III - Least Pure

A
  • Washing
  • Water baths
  • Not tap water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Grades of Reagents: American Chemical Society (ACS)

A
  • Sets high standards for reagent purity
  • Overseeing body
  • Not a rating or grade of chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Grades of Reagents: Analytical Reagent (AR)

A
  • Highest purity
  • Clinical use
  • Meets ACS standards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Grades of Reagents: Pharmaceutical Grade (USP, CP, BP, NF)

A

Pharmaceutical manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Grades of Reagents: Lab Grade

A
  • Intermediate purity
  • Educational labs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Grades of Reagents: Pure Grade

A

Lower grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Grades of Reagents: Technical/Commercial

A

Non testing purposes (cleaning chemicals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Properties of Solutions: Concentration

A

Ratio; solute and diluent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Properties of Solutions: % Solution

A
  • w/v
  • v/v
  • w/w
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Properties of Solutions: Concentrated

A

Diluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Properties of Solutions: Molarity

A

Solid solute in g/100mL

50
Q

Properties of Solutions: Normality

A

Liquid solute in mL/100mL

51
Q

Properties of Solutions: Diffusion

A

When a high concentration moves into a low concentration to achieve equilibrium

52
Q

Properties of Solutions: Osmosis

A

Passage of molecules through a membrane to achieve equilibrium (hypotonic into hypertonic)

53
Q

Kidney Term: Renal Cortex

54
Q

Kidney Term: Renal Medulla

A

Collection tubes

55
Q

Kidney Term: Calyces

A

Ducts to renal pelvis

56
Q

Kidney Term: Renal Pelvis

A

Inner collection tubes BEFORE ureters

57
Q

Kidney Term: Renal Artery

A

Takes blood TO kidney

58
Q

Kidney Term: Renal Vein

A

Takes blood FROM kidney

59
Q

What is the function of the Ureter?

A

Tube that carries urine from kidneys to the bladder

60
Q

Nephron Term: Glomerulus

A

Cluster of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

61
Q

Nephron Term: Renal Tube

A

Collects from Bowman’s capsule

62
Q

Nephron Term: Loop of Henle

A

U shaped structure connecting proximal and distal

63
Q

Nephron Term: Distal Convoluted Tube

A

Empties into collection tube

64
Q

Urine Pathology: Dialysis (Hemodialysis)

A
  • Decreased kidney function/filtration
  • Must be done artificially
65
Q

Urine Pathology: Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomerulus

66
Q

Urine Pathology: Pyelonephritis

A
  • aka; UTI
  • Polycystic kidney disease
67
Q

Urine Samples: Routine Sample

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Microscopic
68
Q

Urine Samples: Random Sample

A

Fresh void; routine & microscopy

69
Q

Urine Samples: First Void

A
  • Usually fasting
  • Culture & sensitivity
  • Preferred for pregnancy
70
Q

Urine Samples: Clean Catch Midstream Urine (CCMSU)

A
  • Culture and sensitivity
  • UTI
71
Q

Urine Samples: 24 HR Urine

A
  • Evaluate kidney function
  • Measures volume
  • Creatinine clearance
72
Q

Urine Samples: Storage

A
  • Room temp @ 1 hour
  • Refrigeration; no more than 24 hours
  • Refrigeration slows metabolism
73
Q

Clinical Tests: hCG, uCG

A
  • Human/Uterine chronic gonadotropin (pregnancy)
  • Produced by PLACENTA
74
Q

Clinical Tests: Chem10 (Dipstick Test)

A
  • Glucose
  • Protein
  • Blood
  • Nitrites
  • Leukocyte Esterase
  • Bilirubin
  • Urobilinogen
  • Ketones
  • pH
  • Specific Gravity
75
Q

Other Tests: Clinitest

A

All reducible sugars

76
Q

Other Tests: Sulphosalicylic Acids (SSA)

A

Turbidity test

77
Q

Other Tests: Protein

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulin
  • Bence-Jones
78
Q

Other Tests: Acetest/Ketosix

79
Q

Other Tests: Ictotest

80
Q

Other Tests: 24 Hour Urine Preservatives

A
  • 6N HCI
  • Boric acid
  • NaCO3
  • NaOH
  • Formaldehyde
81
Q

Other Tests: Cortisol Tests

A

No preservative or boric acid

82
Q

Other Tests: 24H Urine Measured

A

Graduated Cylinder

83
Q

Diabetes: Blood Glucose

84
Q

Diabetes: Fasting Blood Glucose

A

8-12 hr fasting

85
Q

Diabetes: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A

5 samples after glucose drink (1hr, 2hr…)

86
Q

Diabetes: Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) - Gestational Diabetes

A

75g glucose in the drink

87
Q

Diabetes: HgA1c

88
Q

Fluid Samples: Synovial

A
  • EDTA
  • Chem test; not hematology
89
Q

Fluid Samples: Serous

A
  • EDTA; cell count/diff.
  • Heparin; chem, cyto, micro, serology
90
Q

Fluid Samples: Amniotic

A

Protect from light

91
Q

Fluid Samples: CSF

A
  • Sterile tube
  • no anticoagulants; chem/serology, micro, hematology
92
Q

Other Chem Tests: FOBT

A

Fecal Occult Blood (replaced by FIT; fecal immunochemical test)

93
Q

Other Chem Tests: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

A
  • Heparin
  • On ice
94
Q

Chemistry Tubes

A
  • SST/PST ( gold, light green, lime green)
  • Red
  • Green
  • Grey
  • Royal blue
95
Q

Ketones: Specifics

A
  • Acetoacetic acid
  • Acetone
  • 3-hydroxybutyric acid
96
Q

When are Ketones Elevated?

A

Starvation diets

97
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Analytes

A
  • mmol/L
  • Enzymes - Units/L
  • Medications - mg/dL
98
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Diabetes

A

Glucose - mmol/L

99
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Fasting Glucose

A

3.9 - 6.1 mmol/L

100
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Diabetic Fasting Glucose

A

< 7 mmol/L

101
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Random Glucose

A

7.8 mmol/L

102
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Normal HgA1c

103
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Diabetic HgA1c

104
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Fasting Plasma Glucose

A

7 or less mmol/L

105
Q

Standard Values, Units, Profiles: Critical Ranges

A

< 2.2 mmol/L
or
>22.2 mmol/L

106
Q

Profiles: Electrolytes

A
  • mmol/L
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Bicarbonate (HCO3)
107
Q

Profiles: Trace Elements

A
  • mmol/L
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Phosphate (PO4)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Uric Acid
  • Amylase (in units/L)
108
Q

Profiles: Renal

A
  • 24hr urine
  • Creatine Clearance
  • BUN
  • eGFR
  • Uric Acid
109
Q

Profiles: Lipid Panel

A
  • mmol/L
  • Triglycerides
  • Total Cholesterol
  • HDL
  • LDL
  • VLDL
110
Q

Profiles: Cardiac Panel

A
  • Units/L
  • CK-MB
  • Troponins
  • BNP
  • hs-CRP
  • Homocysteine
  • Myoglobin
111
Q

Profiles: Liver Panel

A
  • Units/L
  • Albumin
  • Bilirubin
  • Enzymes
  • ALT
  • AST
  • ALP
  • LD
  • GGT
112
Q

Profiles: Thyroid Panel

A
  • Units/L
  • T3
  • T4
  • TSH
113
Q

Profiles: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

A
  • Digoxin
  • Dilantin
  • Phenobarbital
  • Tegretol
  • ASA
114
Q

Other Analytes: Acid Phosphatase

A

Seen in prostate cancer

115
Q

Other Analytes: Aldosterone

A

Hormone produced by adrenal glands; responsible for sodium control

116
Q

Other Analytes: Uric Acid

A

Product of urine metabolism

117
Q

Other Analytes: Cortisol

A
  • Plasma/serum
  • Fasting/timed specimen
  • Sodium heparin tube (lifelabs)
118
Q

Other Analytes: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

90 - 120 mL/min

119
Q

Other Analytes: CFS

A
  • Glucose (2-4mmol/L)
  • Protein (15-45mg/dL)
  • Gram stain
  • Cell count
  • pH 7.3 - 7.5
120
Q

Assorted Terminology From Review: Amorphous Urates

A
  • Acidic urine to be pink
  • Disappear when urine is heated

MLPAO/CSMLS Study (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions