Blood, Phlebotomy, Hematology Flashcards
WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes
- Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
- WBC containing granules in cytoplasm
WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Neutrophil
Protects body from infections by killing bacteria, fungi and foreign debris
WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Eosinophils
Identify and destroy parasites and cancer cells
WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Basophils
Produce allergic response; coughing, sneezing, runny nose
What are the 3 Types of WBC?
- Granulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
What are the 3 Types of Granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
WBC Types and Functions: Monocytes
Defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells
WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes
- Consists of T cells, natural kills cells, B cells
- Protect against viral infection
- Produce proteins to help fight infections
WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes - B Cells
- Type of WBC; makes antibodies
- Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes - T Cells
- Type of WBC
- Part of immune system
- Develops from stem cells in bone marrow
- Helps protect body from infection; fight cancer
What can affect blood film from being too thick or too thin?
- Too big/small drop of blood
- Too high/low angle
Blood Culture. Steps, Specifics
First Bottle - Aerobic
Second Bottle - Anaerobic
- Decontaminate hands; clean puncture site; chloraprep wipe
- Apply tourniquet; do not re-palpate skin
- Decontaminate hands; remove cap from culture bottles; clean the top of bottles with new chloraprep wipe for 15 seconds
- Don gloves; apron
- Placing traction on skin below; intended puncture site; insert needle
- Advance needle with collection site; release tension on skin
- Attach sample bottles; fill up to necessary level; invert each bottle once removed; 10mls needed, minimum
Why do we do an ESR test?
Test indirectly measures level of certain proteins in the blood
ESR Reference Ranges: Normal
40 - 51
ESR Reference Ranges: Borderline
51 - 54
ESR Reference Ranges: Elevated
55 or higher
ESR Manual Methods
- Westergren - Sediplast ESR
- Wintrobe
ESR Automated Methods
- SEDIMAT
- Vesmatic
- ESR STAT-PLUS
- Zeta Sedimentation Ratio (ZSR)
Why do we need to perform WBC Differential?
Determine relative numbers of each type of leukocyte
Name the 4 types of Anemias
- Aplastic
- Acute/Chronic Blood Loss (Hemorrhagic)
- Deficiency
- Hemolytic
Types of Anemia: Aplastic
Chronic failure of red bone marrow to produce RBCs
Types of Anemia: Acute/Chronic Blood Loss
RBCs decreased after sudden chronic blood loss from trauma; childbirth complications, surgical complications, chronic bleeding ulcers
Types of Anemia: Deficiency
- Iron
- Folic Acid / Vitamin B12
- Pernicious
Types of Anemia: Hemolytic
- Sickle cell (SCA)
- Thalassemia
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Hereditary Spherocytosis
Why do we do Microhematocrit?
Determination of volume fractions of RBCs in blood
How do we do Microhematocrit?
- Separation of micro volumes of blood in solution
- Filling blood capillary tube; two ends are sealed with clay or heat
- Centrifuge at a rate of 11000 - 12000 rpm for 4-5 mins
How to determine the Size of the Needles
Higher the number = thinner the needle
Size of the Needle: White
16G
Size of the Needle: Pink
18G
Size of the Needle: Cream
19G
Size of the Needle: Yellow
20G
Size of the Needle: Green
21G
Size of the Needle: Black
22G
Size of the Needle: Blue
23G
Size of the Needle: Medium Purple
24G
Size of the Needle: Orange
25G
Size of the Needle: Brown
26G
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes (RBC)
- Leukocytes (WBC)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Blood Cells: Erythrocytes (RBC)
No nucleus
Blood Cells: Leukocytes (WBC)
All WBC have nuclei
Blood Cells: Thrombocytes (Platelets)
No nucleus
Order of Draw
- Light blue
- Red
- Gold
- Green
- Lavender
- Pink
- Grey
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Light Blue
- Sodium citrate
- Coagulation/hematology
- 3-4x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Red
- No additive/ clot activator
- Chemistry
- 5x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Gold
- SST (serum separating tube)
- Chemistry
- 5x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Green
- Heparin
- Biochemistry
- STAT
- 8-10x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Lavender
- EDTA
- Hematology
- 8-10x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Pink
- EDTA K2
- Blood bank
- 8-10x
Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Grey
- Fluoride / Oxalate
- Chemistry
- 8-10x
Ammonia Blood Collection Specifics
- EDTA (lavender) or Heparin (green)
- Separate immediately
- Plasma kept on ice until analysis
- Stable in plasma for a min of 3 hours
Cold Agglutinins Blood Collection Specifics
- Red tube; DO NOT USE SST
- Transport blood immediately to lab
- Incubate at 37C to allow to clot
Composition of Blood
- Plasma
- Buffy coat
- Formed elements
Percentage composition of the Blood: Plasma
- 55% total volume
- Liquid portion of where blood cells are suspended
Percentage composition of the Blood: Buffy Coat
- 1% total volume
- Layer of WBC and platelets on-top of RBC layer of centrifuged blood
- Light coloured layer
Percentage composition of the Blood: Formed Elements
- 45% total volume
- Contains RBC, WBC, Platelets
Drabkin’s Reagent: Chemicals Contained
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Potassium Ferricyanide
- Potassium Cyanide
Drabkin’s Reagent: Used for
- Quantity
- Colorimetric determination of hemoglobin concentration in whole blood at 540nm
Examples of Antigens
- Pollen
- Bacteria
- Parasitic Worms
- Viruses
WBC Count Reference Range: Normal
4,500 - 11,000 WBCs per microliter
WBC Count Reference Range: Considered Leukopenia
Lower than 4,500 WBC
Coagulation Tests
PT - Prothrombin Time
INR
PTT - Partial Thromboplastin Time
How do Anticoagulants work?
- Interrupting the process involved in the formation of blood clots
- Sometimes called “blood thinning” medicine
Name the 10 different Blood Types
- A+
- A-
- B+
- B-
- AB+
- AB-
- O+
- O-
- Rh-
- Rh+
Blood Types: A+
- 30%
Gives to - A+, AB+
Receives - A+, A-, O+, O-
Blood Types: A-
- 6%
Gives to - A+, A-, AB+, AB-
Receives - A-, O-
Blood Types: B+
- 9%
Gives to - B+, AB+
Receives - B+, B-, O+, O-
Blood Types: B-
- 2%
Gives to - B+, B-, AB+, AB-
Receives - B-, O-
Blood Types: AB+
- 4%
Gives to - AB+
Receives - Everyone
Blood Types: AB-
- 1%
Gives to - AB+, AB-
Receives - AB-, A-, B-, O-
Blood Types: O+
- 39%
Gives to - O+, A+, B+, AB+
Receives - O+, O-
Blood Types: O-
- 7%
Gives to - Everyone (universal donor)
Receives - O-
Blood Types: Rh+
Only donates to Rh+
Blood Types: Rh-
Donates to Rh-, Rh+
What’s the end product of Coagulation?
- Thrombin is the end product
- Does not circulate in the blood (clotted)
What is Hemoglobin?
- Most important component of RBC
- Oxygen transports protein in RBC
- Contains Iron
- Hb or Hgb
Description of Erythrocytes (RBC)
- Biconcave disk
- Bright red
How to prepare Reticulocyte Smear?
- 3 drops of new methylene blue + 2 drops of well-mixed whole (EDTA) blood
- Incubate mixture at room temp; 15 mins
- Resuspend mixture by mixing gently
- Make 3 blood smears
