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mlpao/csmls study > Blood, Phlebotomy, Hematology > Flashcards

Blood, Phlebotomy, Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
  • WBC containing granules in cytoplasm
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2
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Neutrophil

A

Protects body from infections by killing bacteria, fungi and foreign debris

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3
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Eosinophils

A

Identify and destroy parasites and cancer cells

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4
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Granulocytes - Basophils

A

Produce allergic response; coughing, sneezing, runny nose

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5
Q

What are the 3 Types of WBC?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
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6
Q

What are the 3 Types of Granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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7
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Monocytes

A

Defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells

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8
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes

A
  • Consists of T cells, natural kills cells, B cells
  • Protect against viral infection
  • Produce proteins to help fight infections
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9
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes - B Cells

A
  • Type of WBC; makes antibodies
  • Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
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10
Q

WBC Types and Functions: Lymphocytes - T Cells

A
  • Type of WBC
  • Part of immune system
  • Develops from stem cells in bone marrow
  • Helps protect body from infection; fight cancer
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11
Q

What can affect blood film from being too thick or too thin?

A
  • Too big/small drop of blood
  • Too high/low angle
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12
Q

Blood Culture. Steps, Specifics

A

First Bottle - Aerobic
Second Bottle - Anaerobic

  • Decontaminate hands; clean puncture site; chloraprep wipe
  • Apply tourniquet; do not re-palpate skin
  • Decontaminate hands; remove cap from culture bottles; clean the top of bottles with new chloraprep wipe for 15 seconds
  • Don gloves; apron
  • Placing traction on skin below; intended puncture site; insert needle
  • Advance needle with collection site; release tension on skin
  • Attach sample bottles; fill up to necessary level; invert each bottle once removed; 10mls needed, minimum
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13
Q

Why do we do an ESR test?

A

Test indirectly measures level of certain proteins in the blood

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14
Q

ESR Reference Ranges: Normal

A

40 - 51

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15
Q

ESR Reference Ranges: Borderline

A

51 - 54

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16
Q

ESR Reference Ranges: Elevated

A

55 or higher

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17
Q

ESR Manual Methods

A
  • Westergren - Sediplast ESR
  • Wintrobe
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18
Q

ESR Automated Methods

A
  • SEDIMAT
  • Vesmatic
  • ESR STAT-PLUS
  • Zeta Sedimentation Ratio (ZSR)
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19
Q

Why do we need to perform WBC Differential?

A

Determine relative numbers of each type of leukocyte

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20
Q

Name the 4 types of Anemias

A
  1. Aplastic
  2. Acute/Chronic Blood Loss (Hemorrhagic)
  3. Deficiency
  4. Hemolytic
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21
Q

Types of Anemia: Aplastic

A

Chronic failure of red bone marrow to produce RBCs

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22
Q

Types of Anemia: Acute/Chronic Blood Loss

A

RBCs decreased after sudden chronic blood loss from trauma; childbirth complications, surgical complications, chronic bleeding ulcers

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23
Q

Types of Anemia: Deficiency

A
  • Iron
  • Folic Acid / Vitamin B12
  • Pernicious
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24
Q

Types of Anemia: Hemolytic

A
  • Sickle cell (SCA)
  • Thalassemia
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  • Hereditary Spherocytosis
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25
Q

Why do we do Microhematocrit?

A

Determination of volume fractions of RBCs in blood

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26
Q

How do we do Microhematocrit?

A
  • Separation of micro volumes of blood in solution
  • Filling blood capillary tube; two ends are sealed with clay or heat
  • Centrifuge at a rate of 11000 - 12000 rpm for 4-5 mins
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27
Q

How to determine the Size of the Needles

A

Higher the number = thinner the needle

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28
Q

Size of the Needle: White

A

16G

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29
Q

Size of the Needle: Pink

A

18G

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30
Q

Size of the Needle: Cream

A

19G

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31
Q

Size of the Needle: Yellow

A

20G

32
Q

Size of the Needle: Green

A

21G

33
Q

Size of the Needle: Black

A

22G

34
Q

Size of the Needle: Blue

A

23G

35
Q

Size of the Needle: Medium Purple

A

24G

36
Q

Size of the Needle: Orange

A

25G

37
Q

Size of the Needle: Brown

A

26G

38
Q

Types of Blood Cells

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBC)
  2. Leukocytes (WBC)
  3. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
39
Q

Blood Cells: Erythrocytes (RBC)

A

No nucleus

40
Q

Blood Cells: Leukocytes (WBC)

A

All WBC have nuclei

41
Q

Blood Cells: Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A

No nucleus

42
Q

Order of Draw

A
  • Light blue
  • Red
  • Gold
  • Green
  • Lavender
  • Pink
  • Grey
43
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Light Blue

A
  • Sodium citrate
  • Coagulation/hematology
  • 3-4x
44
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Red

A
  • No additive/ clot activator
  • Chemistry
  • 5x
45
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Gold

A
  • SST (serum separating tube)
  • Chemistry
  • 5x
46
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Green

A
  • Heparin
  • Biochemistry
  • STAT
  • 8-10x
47
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Lavender

A
  • EDTA
  • Hematology
  • 8-10x
48
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Pink

A
  • EDTA K2
  • Blood bank
  • 8-10x
49
Q

Tube Additive, Department, Inversions: Grey

A
  • Fluoride / Oxalate
  • Chemistry
  • 8-10x
50
Q

Ammonia Blood Collection Specifics

A
  • EDTA (lavender) or Heparin (green)
  • Separate immediately
  • Plasma kept on ice until analysis
  • Stable in plasma for a min of 3 hours
51
Q

Cold Agglutinins Blood Collection Specifics

A
  • Red tube; DO NOT USE SST
  • Transport blood immediately to lab
  • Incubate at 37C to allow to clot
52
Q

Composition of Blood

A
  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat
  • Formed elements
53
Q

Percentage composition of the Blood: Plasma

A
  • 55% total volume
  • Liquid portion of where blood cells are suspended
54
Q

Percentage composition of the Blood: Buffy Coat

A
  • 1% total volume
  • Layer of WBC and platelets on-top of RBC layer of centrifuged blood
  • Light coloured layer
55
Q

Percentage composition of the Blood: Formed Elements

A
  • 45% total volume
  • Contains RBC, WBC, Platelets
56
Q

Drabkin’s Reagent: Chemicals Contained

A
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
  • Potassium Ferricyanide
  • Potassium Cyanide
57
Q

Drabkin’s Reagent: Used for

A
  • Quantity
  • Colorimetric determination of hemoglobin concentration in whole blood at 540nm
58
Q

Examples of Antigens

A
  • Pollen
  • Bacteria
  • Parasitic Worms
  • Viruses
59
Q

WBC Count Reference Range: Normal

A

4,500 - 11,000 WBCs per microliter

60
Q

WBC Count Reference Range: Considered Leukopenia

A

Lower than 4,500 WBC

61
Q

Coagulation Tests

A

PT - Prothrombin Time
INR
PTT - Partial Thromboplastin Time

62
Q

How do Anticoagulants work?

A
  • Interrupting the process involved in the formation of blood clots
  • Sometimes called “blood thinning” medicine
63
Q

Name the 10 different Blood Types

A
  1. A+
  2. A-
  3. B+
  4. B-
  5. AB+
  6. AB-
  7. O+
  8. O-
  9. Rh-
  10. Rh+
64
Q

Blood Types: A+

A
  • 30%
    Gives to - A+, AB+
    Receives - A+, A-, O+, O-
65
Q

Blood Types: A-

A
  • 6%
    Gives to - A+, A-, AB+, AB-
    Receives - A-, O-
66
Q

Blood Types: B+

A
  • 9%
    Gives to - B+, AB+
    Receives - B+, B-, O+, O-
67
Q

Blood Types: B-

A
  • 2%
    Gives to - B+, B-, AB+, AB-
    Receives - B-, O-
68
Q

Blood Types: AB+

A
  • 4%
    Gives to - AB+
    Receives - Everyone
69
Q

Blood Types: AB-

A
  • 1%
    Gives to - AB+, AB-
    Receives - AB-, A-, B-, O-
70
Q

Blood Types: O+

A
  • 39%
    Gives to - O+, A+, B+, AB+
    Receives - O+, O-
71
Q

Blood Types: O-

A
  • 7%
    Gives to - Everyone (universal donor)
    Receives - O-
72
Q

Blood Types: Rh+

A

Only donates to Rh+

73
Q

Blood Types: Rh-

A

Donates to Rh-, Rh+

74
Q

What’s the end product of Coagulation?

A
  • Thrombin is the end product
  • Does not circulate in the blood (clotted)
75
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A
  • Most important component of RBC
  • Oxygen transports protein in RBC
  • Contains Iron
  • Hb or Hgb
76
Q

Description of Erythrocytes (RBC)

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Bright red
77
Q

How to prepare Reticulocyte Smear?

A
  • 3 drops of new methylene blue + 2 drops of well-mixed whole (EDTA) blood
  • Incubate mixture at room temp; 15 mins
  • Resuspend mixture by mixing gently
  • Make 3 blood smears

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