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MLPAO/CSMLS Study > Biology, Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Biology, Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Above, towards head

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2
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Below, towards feet

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3
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Towards front

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4
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Towards back

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline to sides

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7
Q

Proximal

A

Towards trunk of the body

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8
Q

Distal

A

Away from trunk of body

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9
Q

Superficial

A

Close to surface

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10
Q

Deep

A

Towards inside

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11
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides body into left and right (anywhere)

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12
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Divides body into equal left and right (middle)

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13
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides body into upper and lower

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14
Q

Frontal (coronal) Plane

A

Divides body into front and back

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15
Q

Cranial

A

Brain

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16
Q

Spinal

A

Spinal Cord

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17
Q

Thoracic

A

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea

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18
Q

Abdominal

A

Stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas

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19
Q

Pelvic

A

Bladder, reproductive organs

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20
Q

Body Regions: Upper

A
  • Right hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left hypochondriac
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21
Q

Body Regions: Mid

A
  • Right lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left lumbar
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22
Q

Body Regions: Lower

A
  • Right iliac (inguinal)
  • Hypogastric
  • Left iliac (inguinal)
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23
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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24
Q

What are the 8 types of structural units?

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Organelles
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organs
  7. Organ systems
  8. Organism
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25
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Extremities
  • Elongated, cylindrical cells
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26
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Heart
  • Short, branching cells
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27
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Hollow organs
  • Short, tapered cells
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28
Q

Epithelium

A
  • Body surfaces
  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Reproductive
  • Urinary tract
  • Surrounding cavity
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29
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood (cells in extracellular matrix)
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30
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Brain
  • Spine (neurons, neuroglia)
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31
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

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32
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to bone

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33
Q

Nervous System: Central

A

Brain, spinal cord

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34
Q

Nervous System: Peripheral (Sensory)

A

Everything else

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35
Q

Nervous System: Motor (Somatic Nervous System)

A

Controls skeletal muscles

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36
Q

Nervous System: Motor (Autonomic Nervous System)

A

Controls:
- Smooth muscles
- Cardiac
- Glands
- Parasympathetic system (rest/digest)
- Sympathetic (fight/flight response)

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37
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

Secretes hormones

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38
Q

Name the 10 Organs included in the Endocrine System

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Thymus
  4. Heart
  5. Kidneys
  6. Stomach
  7. Liver
  8. Spleen
  9. Skin
  10. Reproductive
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39
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Cholesterol and Lipid soluble

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40
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Amino acids

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41
Q

What are the 5 different types of Glands?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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42
Q

What is the purpose of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Covers and protects tissues and organs
  • Regulates temperature and moisture
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43
Q

Skin Layers: Stratum Corneum

A

Surface layer

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44
Q

Skin Layers: Stratum Lucidum

A

Palms/soles of the feet

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45
Q

Skin Layers: Stratum Granulosum

A

Cell death begins here

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46
Q

Skin Layers: Stratum Spinosum

A

Melanocytes

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47
Q

Skin Layers: Stratum Basale

A

Deepest layer of skin (where epidermal cells are created)

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48
Q

Skin Layers: Sweat Glands

A
  • Merocrine (thermoregulation)
  • Apocrine (hair follicles)
  • Ceruminous (ear wax)
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49
Q

Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton

A

80 bones:
- Skull
- Hyoid
- Auditory Ossicles
- Vertebral Column
- Sternum
- Ribs

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50
Q

Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton

A

126 bones:
- Pectoral
- Pelvic Girdle
- Upper and lower extremities

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51
Q

Bone Structures: Cancellous

A

Spongy bone (marrow)

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52
Q

Bone Structures: Compact

A

Dense bone (protection) made up of cells and canals

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53
Q

Bone Structures: Flat Bones

A

Where muscles attach:
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Scapula
- Cranium

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54
Q

Bone Structures: Long Bones

A

For Stability:
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Phalanges

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55
Q

Bone Structures: Short Bones

A

For Balance:
- Carpals
- Tarsals

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56
Q

Bone Structures: Irregular Bones

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Coaxal
  • Some facial bones
  • Calcaneus
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57
Q

Bone Structures: Sesamoid Bones

A

Protect Tendons:
- Patella

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58
Q

Bone Structures: Skull Bones

A
  • 21 immobile bones
  • Mandible
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59
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Blood:

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Moves oxygen to/from tissues, hormones, nutrients, WBCs, clotting factors
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60
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Veins

A
  • Low pressure
  • Has valves
  • Not oxygenated blood
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61
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Arteries

A
  • High pressure
  • Oxygenated blood
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62
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Capillaries

A

Gas exchange into tissues/myoglobin

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63
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Heart

A

4 Chambers:
- L/R atrium
- L/R ventricles

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64
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Parts of the Heart

A
  • Pericardium
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Vein
  • Pulmonary Artery
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65
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - 4 Boarders of the Heart

A
  1. Superior (top)
  2. Inferior (bottom)
  3. Medial (middle)
  4. Lateral (side)
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66
Q

Cardiopulmonary System - Order of Flow

A
  1. R atrium (blood from body)
  2. R ventricle - out pulmonary artery to lungs (to get oxygenated)
  3. L atrium via pulmonary vein
  4. L ventricle
  5. Out L ventricle into the body via aorta
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67
Q

What is the purpose of the Lymphatic System?

A

Collect and control interstitial fluid through network of vessels and glands + thymus and spleen

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68
Q

Immune Response: Primary

A
  • First time exposure
  • Slow
  • Takes several weeks
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69
Q

Immune Response: Secondary

A
  • Next time exposure
  • Quick response
  • Memory cells
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70
Q

Immune Response: Innate/Nonspecific

A
  • Born with immunity
  • No stimulus
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71
Q

Immune Response: Acquired/Specific

A

Developed immunity

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72
Q

Immune Response: Naturally acquired (Active)

A

Exposure

73
Q

Immune Response: Naturally Acquired (Passive)

A

Breastfeeding

74
Q

Immune Response: Artificially Acquired (Active)

A

Vaccines

75
Q

Immune Response: Artificially Acquired (Passive)

A

Antibodies

76
Q

Immune Response: Cellular Immunity

A
  • T cells (made in thymus)
  • Lymphocytes (non antibody)
77
Q

Immune Response: Lymphocyte

A
  • Natural killer cells
  • Target cancer
78
Q

Immune Response: Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Secrete chemicals to punch holes in harmful cells

79
Q

Immune Response: Humoral Immunity

A
  • B cells (made in bone marrow)
  • Lymphocytes oversee immune response
80
Q

Immune Response: Helper T Cells

A

Increase antibody and B cell formation

81
Q

Immune Response: Memory T Cells

A

Recognize threats

82
Q

Inflammation Response

A
  • Fever + WBC
  • Neutrophils/monocytes - phagocytosis
83
Q

Antibodies: IgA

A

Prevent pathogens from entering body (found in breastmilk, tears, saliva, mucus)

84
Q

Antibodies: IgD

A

Controls activity (cell membrane of B cells)

85
Q

Antibodies: IgE

A

Prevents parasites from entering body (found with IgA) (also allergies)

86
Q

Antibodies: IgG

A

Made by liver (found in blood - most prevalent antibody, can cross placenta)

87
Q

Antibodies: IgM

A

Incompatible blood cells, food, bacteria (cannot cross placenta)

88
Q

What is another name for Immunoglobulins?

A

Gamma Globulins

89
Q

Digestive System: Alimentary Tract

A

Path from mouth to bum

90
Q

Digestive System: Organs

A
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small/Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
91
Q

Digestive System: Accessories

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
92
Q

Digestive System: Functions

A
  • Ingestion (taking in food)
  • Secretion (saliva, water, acids, enzymes)
  • Mixing and Propulsion (peristalsis)
  • Digestion (mechanical & chemical)
  • Absorption (into the blood and lymph)
  • Defecation (waste removal)
93
Q

Digestive System - Enzymes: Lingual Lipase

A

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids

94
Q

Digestive System - Enzymes: Pepsinogen

A
  • Secreted by chief cells
  • Breaks down proteins with the help of stomach acid
95
Q

Digestive System - Enzymes: Hydrochloric Acid

A
  • Secreted by parietal cells
  • Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
96
Q

Digestive System - Enzymes: Intrinsic Factor

A
  • Secreted by parietal cells
  • Absorbs vitamin B12
97
Q

Digestive System - Hormones: Gastrin

A

Produced by the stomach to turn the gastric glands on

98
Q

Digestive System - Hormones: Cholecystokinin

A

Produced by the small intestine to turn the gastric glands off

99
Q

Digestive System: Liver

A
  • Produces bile to help breakdown fats, carbs and proteins
  • Produces albumin and fibrinogen
  • Stores glucose as glycogen
  • Stores vitamins A, B12, D, E, K
100
Q

Digestive System: Gallbladder

A

Stores the bile produced by the liver

101
Q

Respiratory System: Upper Respiratory

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Vocal cords
102
Q

Respiratory System: Lower Respiratory

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Bronchial tree
    (breathing controlled by medulla oblongata (rhythm and depth) and the pons (rate))
103
Q

Urinary System: Organs

A
  • Kidney
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
    (most important part of the kidneys is the “nephron”)
104
Q

Hematopoiesis: Organs

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Spleen
105
Q

What is “Erythropoietin”?

A

Hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate production of RBCs

106
Q

Vitamins: B and C

A
  • Water soluble
  • Rest are fat soluble
107
Q

Vitamins: A

A
  • Essential for skin
  • Bone and tooth development
  • Photoreceptors in the eye
108
Q

Vitamins: A Deficiency

A

Night blindness

109
Q

Vitamins: B2

A
  • Riboflavin
  • Coenzyme for carb/protein metabolism
110
Q

Vitamins: B3

A
  • Niacin
  • Metabolic reactions
111
Q

Vitamins: B6

A
  • Pyridoxine
  • Coenzyme
112
Q

Vitamins: B9

A
  • Folic Acid
  • Essential for nervous system
113
Q

Vitamins: B12

A
  • Cobalamin
  • Coenzyme for RBC formation
114
Q

Vitamins: C

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Wound healing
  • Synthesis of collagen
  • Coenzyme
115
Q

Vitamins: D

A

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus

116
Q

Vitamins: E

A
  • Antioxidant
  • RBC
  • DNA
  • RNA formation
  • Nervous function
117
Q

Vitamins: K

A

Blood clotting

118
Q

Minerals: Calcium

A
  • Most abundant to the body
  • Nerve transmission
  • Muscle activity
  • Cellular activity
  • Blood clotting
119
Q

Minerals: Phosphorus

A
  • Bones and teeth
  • Buffers pH
  • Production of ATP
120
Q

Minerals: Potassium

A
  • Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid
  • Nerve transmission
121
Q

Minerals: Sulfur

A
  • Production of ATP
  • Part of several hormones and vitamins
122
Q

Minerals: Sodium

A

Essential for action potential and water regulation

123
Q

Minerals: Chloride

A
  • Part of HCI stomach acid
  • Buffers pH and water regulation
124
Q

Minerals: Iron

A

Important for hemoglobin

125
Q

Minerals: Iodide

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

126
Q

Minerals: Cobalt

A

Important component of B12

127
Q

Minerals: Chromium

A

Insulin activity

128
Q

Minerals: Copper

A

Coenzyme in synthesis of hemoglobin

129
Q

Minerals: Fluoride

A

Bones and teeth

130
Q

Minerals: Magnesium

A

Coenzyme for muscle and nervous tissue

131
Q

Minerals: Zinc

A
  • Sensation of taste
  • Wound healing
  • Other metabolic reactions
132
Q

Minerals: Manganese

A
  • Metabolic function
  • Hemoglobin synthesis
  • Urea formation
133
Q

Minerals: Selenium

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Prevention of coronary artery disease and prostate cancer
134
Q

Assorted Terms: Post Prandial

A

After eating:
ex. 2hrsPP - tell patient to come back 2 hours after eating

135
Q

Assorted Terms: Pyrexia

A

Fever

136
Q

Assorted Terms: Spleen

A

Removes old RBCs

137
Q

Assorted Terms: Fibrocartilage

A

Spinal cartilage

138
Q

Assorted Terms: Hyaline Cartilage

A

Trachea cartilage

139
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Enteric

A
  • Infectious agents passed from fecal contact
  • Prevents direct/indirect touch of fecal contaminants

Gloves, Handwashing

140
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Contact

A
  • Infectious agents passed from wound contact
  • Prevents direct/indirect touch of wound contaminants

Gloves, Handwashing

141
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Respiratory or Airborne

A
  • Infectious agents passed from regular breathing
  • Prevents inhalation of airborne pathogens

Gloves, Mask

142
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Droplet

A
  • Infectious agents passed from droplets through coughing or sneezing
  • Prevents inhalation of particles hanging in the air or touching droplets that have landed on surface or cloth

Gloves, Mask

143
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Strict

A

Very high level of risk/suspected risk

144
Q

Types of Isolations and PPE: Reverse

A

Isolating a immunocompromised patient from possible pathogens from visitors or staff

Gloves, Mask

145
Q

When do we have Serous Membranes? Where?

A
  • Early embryonic life
  • Outer lining; organs, body cavities (abdomen, chest, stomach)
146
Q

Organelles of the Cell/Function: Nuclei

A

Stores genetic information

147
Q

Organelles of the Cell/Function: Mitochondria

A

Produce chemical energy

147
Q

Organelles of the Cell/Function: Ribosomes

A

Assemble proteins

148
Q

Organelles of the Cell/Function: Lysosomes

A

“Suicide bags”
Has hydrolytic enzymes stores in them

149
Q

Arteries vs Veins: Arteries

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood from heart to tissues
  • Deeper than veins
  • More muscular
  • Transports blood under higher pressure
  • Transports blood in pulses
  • No valves
150
Q

Arteries vs Veins: Veins

A
  • Carries deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart
  • Found closer to the skin
  • Transports blood under lower pressure
  • Transports blood smoothly
  • Has valves
  • Less muscular
151
Q

Where is Progesterone Produced?

A
  • Adrenal glands
  • Gonads
152
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A
  • TSH - Peptide hormone
  • Produced by anterior pituitary
153
Q

Name the 4 Tropic Hormones

A
  1. FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormone
  2. LH - Luteinizing hormone
  3. ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. TSH - Thyroid-stimulating hormone
154
Q

Why do we need Insulin?

A

Decreases blood sugar levels

155
Q

Why do we need Glucagon?

A

Increases blood sugar levels

156
Q

What are the two parts of the eye which refracts rays?

A
  • Cornea
  • Eye-lens
157
Q

Name the 6 Mitosis Phases

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase - Chromatids line up at center of cell
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
158
Q

What do Ion pumps do in the cell membrane?

A
  • Uses ATP hydrolysis energy; transfers ions from one side to another
  • Moves against their electrochemical gradient
159
Q

End product of Mitosis/Meiosis: Mitosis

A
  • Two identical daughter cells
  • Produces new cells
160
Q

End product of Mitosis/Meiosis: Meiosis

A

Produces new sex cells

161
Q

What is Microglia?

A

Cells of brain regulate brain development, maintenance or neuronal networks

162
Q

What is Astrocyte?

A
  • Large star-shaped cell
  • Holds cells in place
  • Helps cells develop and work
163
Q

What is Oligodendrocyte?

A
  • Similar to astrocyte
  • Fewer protuberances
  • Production of myelin in central nervous system
164
Q

What is Schwann Cell?

A
  • Type of glial cell of peripheral nervous system
  • Helps separate and insulate nerve cells
165
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

Bone cell formed when osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix if secreted

166
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Cells that’s secreted the matrix of cartilage and becomes embedded

167
Q

Structure of the Long Bone (Epiphysis)

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
  • Medullary cavity
  • Endosteum
168
Q

Chemical Bonds: Ionic Bond

A

Electrostatic attraction between two atoms

169
Q

Chemical Bonds: Covalent Bond

A

Chemical bond where two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs

170
Q

Chemical Bonds: Hydrogen Bond

A

Dipole-dipole attraction between molecules

171
Q

Examples of Homeostasis

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • Healthy blood pressure maintenance
  • Calcium level maintenance
  • Water level regulation
  • Defending against viruses and bacteria
172
Q

What part of they eye is responsible for Colour Vision?

A

Retina (cones)

173
Q

What part of the eye is responsible for Night Vision?

A

Rods

174
Q

Influence of Cells: Isotonic

A

No net movement of water

175
Q

Influence of Cells: Hypertonic

A

Shrivel and die by a process known as “plasmolysis”

176
Q

Influence of Cells: Hypotonic

A

Swell and expand; cytolysis

177
Q

Ossicles of the Ear (in order from outer to inner)

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Staples
178
Q

How does Nerve Impulse happen?

A

When a neuron receives a chemical stimulus:
- Sodium (Na) ions; flow in, causing action potential
- Potassium (K) ions; flow out, resting potential

MLPAO/CSMLS Study (13 decks)

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