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COM - GI Midterm > Classification Of Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Classification Of Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of compound glands starting from the main duct:

A

Lobar -> Interlobar -> Intralobar -> Striated -> Intercalated -> Acinus w/basement membrane and myoepithelia

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2
Q

The salivary glands are classified as what?

A

Tubuloalveolar glands

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3
Q

What does saliva contain in it?

What produces the saliva?

What controls it?

A

Proteins, mucins, ions, water, IgA

Submandibular gland (70%) and parotid gland (25%)

ANS

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4
Q

Where are intercalated ducts longest?

A

In the parotid gland

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5
Q

Where are striated ducts well developed?

What is their function?

A

Submandibular and parotid glands

Transport of water and ions

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6
Q

What does the parotid gland make?

A

IgA and serous acini

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7
Q

What does the sublingual gland make?

A

Mixed serous and mucus, but MOSTLY mucus

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8
Q

What does the submandibular gland make ?

A

Mixed serous and mucus

Serous demilunes

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9
Q

Saliva has a protective feature via what 3 mechanisms?

A

Lysozyme attack bacterial walls
Lactoferrin chelates iron needed for bacterial growth
IgA neutralizes bacteria

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10
Q

What enzymes does saliva rely on?

A

Amylase for carbs

Lingual lipase for lipids

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11
Q

What enzymes are in the parotid gland?

A

Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

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12
Q

What kind of antimicrobial proteins does the parotid gland have?

A

Proline-rich
Histatins
Cystatins
Statherin

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13
Q

What do the serous cells of the submandibular gland produce?

Mucous cells?

A

Salivary amylase

Help in lubrication of food

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14
Q

What is the endocrine component of the pancreas?

Main function?

A

Islet of Langerhans, 2% of volume

Regulation of glucose metabolism

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15
Q

What is the primary target of rabies and mumps

What are 2 complications of mumps?

What can these complications cause?

A

Parotid gland

Orchitis and meningitis

Orchitis can cause sterility

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16
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

What does it lack?

A

Acinus

Striated ducts and myoepithelial cells

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17
Q

What are centroacinar cells?

A

Continuous with the low cuboidal epithelial lining of the intercalated duct

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18
Q

What kind of cells are spindle-shaped in the pancreas?

What do they secrete?

A

Centroacinar

Bicarbonate when stimulated by secretin
Also mucin

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19
Q

What binds to acinar cell receptors and stimualates release of zymogen?

A

CCK

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20
Q

Epithelial cells of the intercalated duct secrete what?

What acts on these cells?

A

Water and bicarbonate ions

Secretin

21
Q

How does auto digestion of pancreatic acini occur?

A

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes OR the inactivation of trypsin inhibitor

22
Q

What are the clinical features of acute pancreatitis?

Etiology?

A

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid elevation of lipase and amylase

Heavy meals or excessive alcohol ingestion

23
Q

What supplies blood to the liver?

A

Portal vein and hepatic vein

24
Q

Where does portal and hepatic blood mix?

Where does it converge?

A

Sinusoids

Ventral venule of the liver lobule

25
Where do central veins converge?
Sublobular veins
26
What makes up the hepatic lobule?
Anastomosing plates of hepatocytes limiting blood sinusoidal spaces Central venule collects sinusoidal blood
27
What are the 3 ways to classify the hepatic lobule?
Classic hepatic lobule Portal lobule based on bile drainage pathway Liver Acinus based on the zone of gradient distribution
28
Describe the class is hepatic lobule
Hexagonal Surrounds a central vein Portal triads at angles
29
Describe a portal lobule
Triangular arrangement Center of triangle is bile duct collecting from 3 lobules Angles are the central veins of 3 hepatic lobules
30
Describe the liver Acinus arrangement
Based on oxygen gradient of venous sinusoids | Divided into 3 zones based on blood supply to hepatocytes
31
Describe the flow of blood through a hepatocytes
Portal vein and hepatic a. -> sinusoids -> central venule -> sublobar veins -> IVC
32
What is the lobule structure?
Hepatocytes arranged in thin layers radiate from central canal vein to the periphery
33
What is found within sinusoids??
Kupffer cells that recycle old RBCs
34
Where is the space of Disse located?
Between hepatocytes and fenestrated epithelium
35
What can extend into the space of Disse allowing proteins to be absorbed by hepatocytes?
Micro villi
36
What do Ito (stellate) cells do? Where are they located?
Storage sites for fat and Vit A Intervals within the space of Disse
37
Which direction does bile flow? What produces it?
Opposite of blood Hepatocytes
38
How is bile transported? To where?
Bile canaliculi Canal of Herin(cholangiole) and then into the bile duct and portal space
39
What does the basolateral domain of hepatocytes do? What kind of function?
Absorption of blood-borne substances and secretion of plasma proteins Endocrine
40
The hepatocytes contain SER, what is their function?
Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts Conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, drugs Breakdown of glycogen into glucose Detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs
41
What does the RER and Golgi of hepatocytes do?
Synthesis and glycosylation of secretory proteins
42
What are prominent in hepatocytes?
Peroxisomes that generate hydrogen peroxidase
43
What are the functions of bile?
Excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts Fat emulsification Transports IgA to intestinal mucosa and inhibits bacterial growth
44
Where does most bilirubin originate? What happens when bilirubin reaches hepatic sinusoids?
Senescent RBCs destroyed by spleen and macrophages Albumin detaches and bilirubin is internalized
45
What role do hepatocytes play in alcoholism? Long-term consequences?
Metabolism of ethanol Fatty liver, eventually hepatocellular carcinoma
46
What are the main functions of the gallbladder?
Storage, concentration, and release of bile
47
What kind of epithelium is the gallbladder? What does the mucosa create?
Simple Columnar epithelia deep clefts called Rokitansky-Aschoff crypts
48
What are the 2 types of gallstones?
Cholesterol stones - yellow-green (80%) Pigment stones - smaller and darker, made of bilirubin
49
What are the 3 major types of glands with their subtypes?
Salivary (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) Exocrine pancreas Liver (gallbladder)

COM - GI Midterm (11 decks)

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