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COM - GI Midterm > Classification Of Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Classification Of Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of compound glands starting from the main duct:

A

Lobar -> Interlobar -> Intralobar -> Striated -> Intercalated -> Acinus w/basement membrane and myoepithelia

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2
Q

The salivary glands are classified as what?

A

Tubuloalveolar glands

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3
Q

What does saliva contain in it?

What produces the saliva?

What controls it?

A

Proteins, mucins, ions, water, IgA

Submandibular gland (70%) and parotid gland (25%)

ANS

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4
Q

Where are intercalated ducts longest?

A

In the parotid gland

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5
Q

Where are striated ducts well developed?

What is their function?

A

Submandibular and parotid glands

Transport of water and ions

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6
Q

What does the parotid gland make?

A

IgA and serous acini

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7
Q

What does the sublingual gland make?

A

Mixed serous and mucus, but MOSTLY mucus

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8
Q

What does the submandibular gland make ?

A

Mixed serous and mucus

Serous demilunes

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9
Q

Saliva has a protective feature via what 3 mechanisms?

A

Lysozyme attack bacterial walls
Lactoferrin chelates iron needed for bacterial growth
IgA neutralizes bacteria

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10
Q

What enzymes does saliva rely on?

A

Amylase for carbs

Lingual lipase for lipids

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11
Q

What enzymes are in the parotid gland?

A

Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

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12
Q

What kind of antimicrobial proteins does the parotid gland have?

A

Proline-rich
Histatins
Cystatins
Statherin

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13
Q

What do the serous cells of the submandibular gland produce?

Mucous cells?

A

Salivary amylase

Help in lubrication of food

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14
Q

What is the endocrine component of the pancreas?

Main function?

A

Islet of Langerhans, 2% of volume

Regulation of glucose metabolism

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15
Q

What is the primary target of rabies and mumps

What are 2 complications of mumps?

What can these complications cause?

A

Parotid gland

Orchitis and meningitis

Orchitis can cause sterility

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16
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

What does it lack?

A

Acinus

Striated ducts and myoepithelial cells

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17
Q

What are centroacinar cells?

A

Continuous with the low cuboidal epithelial lining of the intercalated duct

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18
Q

What kind of cells are spindle-shaped in the pancreas?

What do they secrete?

A

Centroacinar

Bicarbonate when stimulated by secretin
Also mucin

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19
Q

What binds to acinar cell receptors and stimualates release of zymogen?

A

CCK

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20
Q

Epithelial cells of the intercalated duct secrete what?

What acts on these cells?

A

Water and bicarbonate ions

Secretin

21
Q

How does auto digestion of pancreatic acini occur?

A

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes OR the inactivation of trypsin inhibitor

22
Q

What are the clinical features of acute pancreatitis?

Etiology?

A

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid elevation of lipase and amylase

Heavy meals or excessive alcohol ingestion

23
Q

What supplies blood to the liver?

A

Portal vein and hepatic vein

24
Q

Where does portal and hepatic blood mix?

Where does it converge?

A

Sinusoids

Ventral venule of the liver lobule

25
Q

Where do central veins converge?

A

Sublobular veins

26
Q

What makes up the hepatic lobule?

A

Anastomosing plates of hepatocytes limiting blood sinusoidal spaces

Central venule collects sinusoidal blood

27
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify the hepatic lobule?

A

Classic hepatic lobule
Portal lobule based on bile drainage pathway
Liver Acinus based on the zone of gradient distribution

28
Q

Describe the class is hepatic lobule

A

Hexagonal
Surrounds a central vein
Portal triads at angles

29
Q

Describe a portal lobule

A

Triangular arrangement
Center of triangle is bile duct collecting from 3 lobules
Angles are the central veins of 3 hepatic lobules

30
Q

Describe the liver Acinus arrangement

A

Based on oxygen gradient of venous sinusoids

Divided into 3 zones based on blood supply to hepatocytes

31
Q

Describe the flow of blood through a hepatocytes

A

Portal vein and hepatic a. -> sinusoids -> central venule -> sublobar veins -> IVC

32
Q

What is the lobule structure?

A

Hepatocytes arranged in thin layers radiate from central canal vein to the periphery

33
Q

What is found within sinusoids??

A

Kupffer cells that recycle old RBCs

34
Q

Where is the space of Disse located?

A

Between hepatocytes and fenestrated epithelium

35
Q

What can extend into the space of Disse allowing proteins to be absorbed by hepatocytes?

A

Micro villi

36
Q

What do Ito (stellate) cells do?

Where are they located?

A

Storage sites for fat and Vit A

Intervals within the space of Disse

37
Q

Which direction does bile flow?

What produces it?

A

Opposite of blood

Hepatocytes

38
Q

How is bile transported?

To where?

A

Bile canaliculi

Canal of Herin(cholangiole) and then into the bile duct and portal space

39
Q

What does the basolateral domain of hepatocytes do?

What kind of function?

A

Absorption of blood-borne substances and secretion of plasma proteins

Endocrine

40
Q

The hepatocytes contain SER, what is their function?

A

Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
Conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, drugs
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs

41
Q

What does the RER and Golgi of hepatocytes do?

A

Synthesis and glycosylation of secretory proteins

42
Q

What are prominent in hepatocytes?

A

Peroxisomes that generate hydrogen peroxidase

43
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts
Fat emulsification
Transports IgA to intestinal mucosa and inhibits bacterial growth

44
Q

Where does most bilirubin originate?

What happens when bilirubin reaches hepatic sinusoids?

A

Senescent RBCs destroyed by spleen and macrophages

Albumin detaches and bilirubin is internalized

45
Q

What role do hepatocytes play in alcoholism?

Long-term consequences?

A

Metabolism of ethanol

Fatty liver, eventually hepatocellular carcinoma

46
Q

What are the main functions of the gallbladder?

A

Storage, concentration, and release of bile

47
Q

What kind of epithelium is the gallbladder?

What does the mucosa create?

A

Simple Columnar epithelia

deep clefts called Rokitansky-Aschoff crypts

48
Q

What are the 2 types of gallstones?

A

Cholesterol stones - yellow-green (80%)

Pigment stones - smaller and darker, made of bilirubin

49
Q

What are the 3 major types of glands with their subtypes?

A

Salivary (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
Exocrine pancreas
Liver (gallbladder)

COM - GI Midterm (11 decks)

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