Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages

Question 1

Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

Bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

Bones of the limbs, or appendages

Question 3

Skeletal Cartilages

Answer 3

1. Articular cartilages
2. Costal cartilages
3. Laryngeal cartilages
4. Tracheal and Bronchial cartilages
5. Nasal cartilages
6. Intervertebral discs
7. Cartilage supporting the external ear

Question 4

Articular cartilages

Answer 4

Cover the bone ends at movable joints

Question 5

Costal cartilages

Answer 5

Found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

Question 6

Laryngeal Cartilages

Answer 6

Largely construct the larynx (voice box)

Question 7

Tracheal and bronchial cartilages

Answer 7

Reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system

Question 8

Nasal Cartilages

Answer 8

Support the external nose

Question 9

Intervertebral discs

Answer 9

Separate and cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae)

Question 10

Perichondrium

Answer 10

Dense connective tissue that surrounds each cartilage and acts to resist distortion of the cartilage when it is subjected to pressure, and plays a role in cartilage growth and repair

Question 11

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 11

Provides sturdy support with some resilience or ‘give’.

Question 12

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 12

Much more flexible than hyaline cartilage, and it tolerates repeated bending better. Only the cartilages of the external ear and epiglottis are elastic cartilage

Question 13

Fibrocartilage

Answer 13

Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Has great tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression, is used to construct the intervertebral discs and cartilages within the knee joint

Question 14

Compact bone

Answer 14

Looks smooth and homogeneous

Question 15

Spongy/cancellous bone

Answer 15

composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space

Question 16

Four classifications of bones

Answer 16

Long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 17

Long bones

Answer 17

Such as the femur and phalanges, are much longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Composed predominantly of compact bone.

Question 18

Short bones

Answer 18

Typically cube shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. i.e. tarsals and carpals

Question 19

Flat bones

Answer 19

Generally thin, with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many are curved. i.e. skull

Question 20

Irregular bones

Answer 20

Bones that do not fall into long, short, or flat categories. i.e. vertebrae

Question 21

Sesamoid bones

Answer 21

Special types of short bones formed in tendons. i.e. patella

Question 22

Sutural bones

Answer 22

Tiny bones between cranial bones.

Question 23

Bone markings

Answer 23

reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed.

Question 24

Tuberosity

Answer 24

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Question 25

Crest

Answer 25

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Question 26

Trochanter

Answer 26

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

Question 27

Line

Answer 27

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Question 28

Tubercle

Answer 28

Small rounded projection or process

Question 29

Epicondyle

Answer 29

Raised area on or above a condyle

Question 30

Spine

Answer 30

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Question 31

Process

Answer 31

Any bony prominence

Question 32

Head

Answer 32

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Question 33

Facet

Answer 33

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Question 34

Condyle

Answer 34

Rounded articular projection

Question 35

Ramus

Answer 35

Armlike bar of bone

Question 36

Groove

Answer 36

Furrow

Question 37

Fissure

Answer 37

Narrow, slitlike opening

Question 38

Foramen

Answer 38

Round or oval opening through a bone

Question 39

Notch

Answer 39

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Question 40

Meatus

Answer 40

Canal-like passageway

Question 41

Sinus

Answer 41

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Question 42

Fossa

Answer 42

Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Question 43

Endochondral ossification

Answer 43

Hyaline cartilage pattern for bone formation. Bone formation begins internally and migrates toward the ends of bones forming epiphyseal plates.