Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the limbs, or appendages
Skeletal Cartilages
- Articular cartilages
- Costal cartilages
- Laryngeal cartilages
- Tracheal and Bronchial cartilages
- Nasal cartilages
- Intervertebral discs
- Cartilage supporting the external ear
Articular cartilages
Cover the bone ends at movable joints
Costal cartilages
Found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
Laryngeal Cartilages
Largely construct the larynx (voice box)
Tracheal and bronchial cartilages
Reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system
Nasal Cartilages
Support the external nose
Intervertebral discs
Separate and cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae)
Perichondrium
Dense connective tissue that surrounds each cartilage and acts to resist distortion of the cartilage when it is subjected to pressure, and plays a role in cartilage growth and repair
Hyaline Cartilage
Provides sturdy support with some resilience or ‘give’.
Elastic Cartilage
Much more flexible than hyaline cartilage, and it tolerates repeated bending better. Only the cartilages of the external ear and epiglottis are elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Has great tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression, is used to construct the intervertebral discs and cartilages within the knee joint
Compact bone
Looks smooth and homogeneous
Spongy/cancellous bone
composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space
Four classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, and irregular
Long bones
Such as the femur and phalanges, are much longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Composed predominantly of compact bone.
Short bones
Typically cube shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. i.e. tarsals and carpals
Flat bones
Generally thin, with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many are curved. i.e. skull
Irregular bones
Bones that do not fall into long, short, or flat categories. i.e. vertebrae
Sesamoid bones
Special types of short bones formed in tendons. i.e. patella
Sutural bones
Tiny bones between cranial bones.
Bone markings
reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed.
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Process
Any bony prominence
Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle
Rounded articular projection
Ramus
Armlike bar of bone
Groove
Furrow
Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Fossa
Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Endochondral ossification
Hyaline cartilage pattern for bone formation. Bone formation begins internally and migrates toward the ends of bones forming epiphyseal plates.
