classification

Question 1

what is classification

Answer 1

reflecting evolutionary relatedness
use a phylogenetic method
evolutionary history can be shown using a phylogenetic tree

Question 2

what is taxonomy

Answer 2

the identification and naming of organisms

Question 3

what is a hierarchy

Answer 3

a system of ranking in which the small groups are components of larger groups

Question 4

what is a taxon

Answer 4

any group within a system of classification

Question 5

what does discrete mean

Answer 5

they can only be classified into one group

Question 6

what are the three domains

Answer 6

archaea
eubacteria
eukaryota

Question 7

what is archae

Answer 7

bacteria - generally which has an unusual metabolism or characteristic

Question 8

what is eubacteria

Answer 8

eg salmonella - prokaryotes

Question 9

what is eukaryota

Answer 9

plantae animalia fungi and protoctista

Question 10

what are the five kingdoms

Answer 10

plantae 
animalia
fungi
prokaryote
protoctista

Question 11

characteristics of eukaryote

Answer 11

uni or multicellular organelle and nuclear membranes

Question 12

characteristics of prokaryote

Answer 12

unicellular,, no membrane bound organelles, no nuclear membrane, non cellulose cell wall

Question 13

what is the phylogenetic hierarchy

Answer 13

kingdom
phylum 
class 
order
family 
genus 
species

Question 14

how are organelles placed in the phylogenetic hierarchy

Answer 14

placed into groups (taxons) based on their increasing similarity

Question 15

characteristics of prokaryotic

Answer 15

single celled 
no nucleus 
mesosome in some 
70s ribosomes 
no ER
no vacuole 
cell wall made of peptidogcylan 
saprophytic, parasitic or autotrophic feeders
no nervous coordination

Question 16

characteristics of protoctista

Answer 16

eukaryotic 
single or multi cellular 
nucleus 
mitochondria 
some have chloroplasts 
80s ribosomes 
ER
some have a vacuole 
cell wall - cellulose - none 
nutrition - heterotrophic or autotrophic 
no nervous coordination

Question 17

characteristics of plantae

Answer 17

eukaryotic 
multicellular 
nucleus 
mitochondria 
chloroplasts 
80s ribosomes 
ER
large central vacuole
cellulose cell wall 
autotrophic feeders 
no nervous coordination

Question 18

characteristics of fungi

Answer 18

eukaryotic 
single celled 
nucleus 
mitochondria
chloroplasts
80s ribosomes 
vacuole

Question 19

what is the binomial system and what is it made up of

Answer 19

organisms are given 2 latin names

first is the genus and second is the species

Question 20

what are the advantages of the binomial naming system

Answer 20

unambiguous and allows us to see what is closely related

Question 21

what is a species

Answer 21

a group of similar organisms that have certain features in common
the similar anatomically and biochemically
capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Question 22

what is the morphological defintion

Answer 22

if 2 organisms look very similar they are likely to be members of the same species. sexual dimorphism needs to be taken into account
juveniles will look different

Question 23

what is biodiversity

Answer 23

number and variety of organisms found within a specified geographic region
the variety of different types of life found on earth and variations within a species
refers to the variety of life on earth at all its levels, genes to ecosystems

Question 24

what is a homologous structure

Answer 24

a similar arrangement of component parts and a similar developmental origin but different functions

Question 25

what is an analogous structure

Answer 25

have a corresponding function and similar shape but different developmental origin

Question 26

what is a pentadactyl limb

Answer 26

a limb with 5 digits

Question 27

what is divergent evolution

Answer 27

a common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions e.g. pentadactyl

Question 28

what is convergent evolution

Answer 28

structure evolve similar properties but have different developmental origins such structures are analogous e.g. butterfly, sparrow, bat

Question 29

describe the process of natural selection

Answer 29

1) all living organisms show genetic variation due to gene mutations
2) those with favourable genes are more likely to survive
3) surviving organisms reproduce and pass on the favourable gene to their offspring
4) over tie the favourable allele becomes more highly represented in the population

Question 30

give examples of physiological traits

Answer 30

• mammals and birds are endothermic and must avoid wasting energy trying to maintain body temp in the cold
• during hibernation a polar bear resets its body thermostat to use less energy so body temp drops to 2c
• leaves fall off deciduous plants when the temp and light decrease in autumn. this way they do not lose water by transpiration

Question 31

give examples of behavioural traits

Answer 31

• many plants flower in spring when pollination insects have emerged. if it flowered earlier it would not be pollinated
• mating rituals in animals include the displaying of a peacocks tail or dances performed by flamingo to increase the chance of reproducing

Question 32

give examples of anatomical traits

Answer 32

• sharks, dolphins and penguins have streamlined bodies without this body shape they would be less efficient at catching food or escaping predators
• flowers with honey or nectar guides sometimes called beelines. they indicate the centre of the flower the source of the nectar. a flower without these lines would attract fewer pollinators