classification Flashcards

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1
Q

what is classification

A

reflecting evolutionary relatedness
use a phylogenetic method
evolutionary history can be shown using a phylogenetic tree

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2
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the identification and naming of organisms

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3
Q

what is a hierarchy

A

a system of ranking in which the small groups are components of larger groups

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4
Q

what is a taxon

A

any group within a system of classification

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5
Q

what does discrete mean

A

they can only be classified into one group

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6
Q

what are the three domains

A

archaea
eubacteria
eukaryota

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7
Q

what is archae

A

bacteria - generally which has an unusual metabolism or characteristic

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8
Q

what is eubacteria

A

eg salmonella - prokaryotes

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9
Q

what is eukaryota

A

plantae animalia fungi and protoctista

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10
Q

what are the five kingdoms

A
plantae 
animalia
fungi
prokaryote
protoctista
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11
Q

characteristics of eukaryote

A

uni or multicellular organelle and nuclear membranes

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12
Q

characteristics of prokaryote

A

unicellular,, no membrane bound organelles, no nuclear membrane, non cellulose cell wall

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13
Q

what is the phylogenetic hierarchy

A
kingdom
phylum 
class 
order
family 
genus 
species
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14
Q

how are organelles placed in the phylogenetic hierarchy

A

placed into groups (taxons) based on their increasing similarity

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15
Q

characteristics of prokaryotic

A
single celled 
no nucleus 
mesosome in some 
70s ribosomes 
no ER
no vacuole 
cell wall made of peptidogcylan 
saprophytic, parasitic or autotrophic feeders
no nervous coordination
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16
Q

characteristics of protoctista

A
eukaryotic 
single or multi cellular 
nucleus 
mitochondria 
some have chloroplasts 
80s ribosomes 
ER
some have a vacuole 
cell wall - cellulose - none 
nutrition - heterotrophic or autotrophic 
no nervous coordination
17
Q

characteristics of plantae

A
eukaryotic 
multicellular 
nucleus 
mitochondria 
chloroplasts 
80s ribosomes 
ER
large central vacuole
cellulose cell wall 
autotrophic feeders 
no nervous coordination
18
Q

characteristics of fungi

A
eukaryotic 
single celled 
nucleus 
mitochondria
chloroplasts
80s ribosomes 
vacuole
19
Q

what is the binomial system and what is it made up of

A

organisms are given 2 latin names

first is the genus and second is the species

20
Q

what are the advantages of the binomial naming system

A

unambiguous and allows us to see what is closely related

21
Q

what is a species

A

a group of similar organisms that have certain features in common
the similar anatomically and biochemically
capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

22
Q

what is the morphological defintion

A

if 2 organisms look very similar they are likely to be members of the same species. sexual dimorphism needs to be taken into account
juveniles will look different

23
Q

what is biodiversity

A

number and variety of organisms found within a specified geographic region
the variety of different types of life found on earth and variations within a species
refers to the variety of life on earth at all its levels, genes to ecosystems

24
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

a similar arrangement of component parts and a similar developmental origin but different functions

25
Q

what is an analogous structure

A

have a corresponding function and similar shape but different developmental origin

26
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A

a limb with 5 digits

27
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

a common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions e.g. pentadactyl

28
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

structure evolve similar properties but have different developmental origins such structures are analogous e.g. butterfly, sparrow, bat

29
Q

describe the process of natural selection

A

1) all living organisms show genetic variation due to gene mutations
2) those with favourable genes are more likely to survive
3) surviving organisms reproduce and pass on the favourable gene to their offspring
4) over tie the favourable allele becomes more highly represented in the population

30
Q

give examples of physiological traits

A
  • mammals and birds are endothermic and must avoid wasting energy trying to maintain body temp in the cold
  • during hibernation a polar bear resets its body thermostat to use less energy so body temp drops to 2c
  • leaves fall off deciduous plants when the temp and light decrease in autumn. this way they do not lose water by transpiration
31
Q

give examples of behavioural traits

A
  • many plants flower in spring when pollination insects have emerged. if it flowered earlier it would not be pollinated
  • mating rituals in animals include the displaying of a peacocks tail or dances performed by flamingo to increase the chance of reproducing
32
Q

give examples of anatomical traits

A
  • sharks, dolphins and penguins have streamlined bodies without this body shape they would be less efficient at catching food or escaping predators
  • flowers with honey or nectar guides sometimes called beelines. they indicate the centre of the flower the source of the nectar. a flower without these lines would attract fewer pollinators