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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Class Two > Flashcards

Class Two Flashcards

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1
Q

what is reproducibility

A

ability to reproduce study results by other researchers

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2
Q

should the dependent variable be quantitative or qualitative

A

quantitative - numerical

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3
Q

why is it important for the control & experimental groups to be as similar as possible

A

to rule out confounding factors

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4
Q

placebo effect

A

believing that treatment is being administered which leads to a measurable effect

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5
Q

how to counter placebo effect

A

double blind experiment

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6
Q

what is sampling bias

A

if it is not equally likely for all members of a population to be sampled

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7
Q

what is attrition

A

participants dropping out of the study

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8
Q

construct validity

A

the instruments measure what they’re supposed to

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9
Q

replicability

A

repeated measurements lead to similar results

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10
Q

response bias

A

participants not having perfect insight into their state + providing inaccurate responses

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11
Q

between subjects design

A

comparisons made between subject (one group and another)

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12
Q

within subjects design

A

comparing the same group at different times

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13
Q

mixed methods research

A

combination of different research techniques

such as combination of between & within subjects design

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14
Q

type 2 error

A

concluding that there is no effect, false negative

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15
Q

type 1 error

A

saying there is an effect when there actually isn’t

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16
Q

is a type 1 or 2 error better

A

type 2 error

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17
Q

what is a p value

A

represents the probability that a difference observed is due to chance

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18
Q

a smaller p value means..

A

there is a stronger relationship

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19
Q

external validity

A

ability to apply scientific results to the real world

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20
Q

internal validity

A

are there inherent flaws in the design?

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21
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

the tendency of participants to act in ways that match how they are expected to behave

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22
Q

demand characteristics have an effect on..

A

internal validity

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23
Q

predictive validity

A

does the test tell us about the variable of interest?

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24
Q

impression management

A

participants adapting their responses to what they think the right response is

threat to internal validity

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25
Q

confounding variables

A

variables not accounted for that affects results

threat to internal validity

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26
Q

lack of reliability

A

measurement tools fo not measure what they should

threat to internal validity

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27
Q

sampling bias

A

e.g. selection criteria is not random

threat to internal validity

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28
Q

attrition effects

A

partipant fatigue

threat to internal validity

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29
Q

selection criteria

A

too restrictive criteria

threat to external validity

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30
Q

situational effects

A

presence of lab conditions changes outcome

threat to external validity

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31
Q

lack of statistical power

A

small groups have high variability

threat to external validity

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32
Q

why do ethical problems arise in experimental designs

A

researchers are manipulating variables - not just observing in nature

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33
Q

pros and cons of non-experimental designs

A

pro: observing results in a natural setting
con: reduced control of variables - reduced internal validity

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34
Q

correlational studies

A

looks at the relationship between 2 quantitative variables

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35
Q

ethnographic studies

A

qualitative method where researchers immerse themselves in the culture of the people they are studying

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36
Q

greatest strength of ethnographic studies

A

depth of analysis

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37
Q

cons of ethnographic studies

A

usually working alone: no critique of methodology

presence of researcher: affects the group’s behaviours

objectivity of the researchers is threatened (attachment with culture)

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38
Q

twin studies

A

test the relationship between nature and nuture

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39
Q

best way to test heritability

A

twin studies

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40
Q

what is heritability

A

the extent to which an observed trait is due to genetics vs environment

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41
Q

longitudinal studies

A

how individuals develop over time along a research variable

disposition at birth effecting the life we live

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42
Q

pros and cons of longitudinal studies

A

pro: looking at how a factor can develop over time
cons: high attrition rates, costly + need lots of resources

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43
Q

cross sectional study

A

data collection of a population at a specific time

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44
Q

case studies

A

in depth exploration of one individual/case

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45
Q

phenomenological studies

A

attempts to understand people’s perceptions/perspectives

usually by researchers studying themselves

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45
Q

phenomenological studies

A

attempts to understand people’s perceptions/perspectives

usually by researchers studying themselves

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46
Q

pros and cons of phenomenological studies

A

pro: detail + in depth understanding
con: can’t generalize + small sample size (reduced external validity)

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47
Q

pros and cons of surveys

A

pro: easy to administer & cost effective
con: participants don’t feel encouraged to give honest answers & poor questions

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48
Q

archival studies

A

analyze already collected data from historical records

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49
Q

biographical studies

A

accounts of an individual’s life experiences

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50
Q

functions of family (5)

A

reproduction

protection

socialization (passed down norms)

affection + companionship

social status (family background)

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51
Q

nuclear family

A

direct blood relations

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52
Q

extended family

A

grandparents, aunts, uncles etc.

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53
Q

monogamy

A

form of marriage - 2 individuals

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54
Q

polygamy

A

multiple wives/husbands

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55
Q

polygyny vs polyandry

A

polygyny: one man & 2+ women
polyandry: one woman & 2+ men

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56
Q

endogamy

A

marrying within a certain group

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57
Q

exogamy

A

marrying outside of a certain group

(prohibition of sexual relationships between relatives)

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58
Q

what is bilateral descent

A

kin groups involving both maternal & paternal relations

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59
Q

patriarchy

A

men having more authority than women

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60
Q

egalitarian family

A

spouses treated as equals

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61
Q

4 types of child abuse

A

physical, emotional, sexual and neglect

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62
Q

abuse has been linked to..

A

alcohol consumption, mental illness & certain social conditions

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63
Q

manifest functions of education

A

pass down knowledge + give status to educated people

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64
Q

latent functions of education

A

socialization + maintaining social control

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65
Q

hidden curriculum of schools

A

often conflicts with the manifest curriculum

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66
Q

educational segregation

A

widening disparity between children from high-income areas and those from low-income areas

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67
Q

teacher expectancy theory

A

teachers form expectations of students + act towards students in this manner

student will perform in accordance if they decide the expectations are reasonable

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68
Q

ecclesia

A

dominant religious organization that includes most members of society - official religion + doesn’t tolerate others

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69
Q

church

A

a religious organization that is well integrated into larger society

allows people to join

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70
Q

sect

A

a religious organization that is distinct from society - often formed by breaking away from a larger religion

e.g. Mormons

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71
Q

cult / new religious movement

A

far outside society’s norms & involves a very different lifestyle

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72
Q

secularization

A

process through which religion loses its social significance in modern societyy

73
Q

fundamentalism

A

second response to modernist societies in which there is a strong attachment to religious beliefs

74
Q

christianity

A

largest single faith in the world

monotheistic

prophets, after life and judgment day

75
Q

islam

A

second largest religion in the world

monotheistic

prophets, afterlife & judgement day

muslim governments often do not separate state and religion

76
Q

hinduism

A

polytheistic religion

reincarnation

77
Q

buddhism

A

mediative practices to overcome physical/material pleasures

78
Q

judaism

A

monotheistic

formed the historical basis for christianity and islam

if certain rules are followed, god would bring paradise to earth

79
Q

rational legal authority

A

legal rules are stipulated in a document (America, constitution)

80
Q

traditional authority

A

derives power from custom, traditions or accepted practice

81
Q

charismatic authority

A

power of persuasion - used by some leaders

82
Q

aristarchic governments

A

controlled by a small group of people (public is not involved with decision making)

83
Q

types of aristarchic governments

A

aristocracies: ruled by elites (royalty)
meritocracies: ruled by those with significant social contribution

84
Q

autocratic governments

A

controlled by one person - absolute decision making power

e.g. dictatorships and fascist governments

85
Q

monarchic governments

A

controlled by a single person who inherited their leadership title

86
Q

authoritarian governments

A

unelected leaders

includes totalitarianism

87
Q

what is totalitarianism

A

unelected leaders regulate public and private life

coercive means of control

88
Q

democratic governments

A

elected leaders

public has some degree of decision making power

89
Q

types of democratic governments

A

direct: direct public participation
representative: indirected public participation (election of representatives)

90
Q

republican governments

A

country is public concern - democratic

people have supreme power

91
Q

federalist governments

A

representative head that shares power with constituent groups

92
Q

parliamentary governments

A

include both executive and legislative branches that are interconnected

93
Q

presidential govenemtns

A

include organizing branches, including head of state

94
Q

anarchy

A

societies without a public government

95
Q

command economies

A

aka planned economies

economic decisions are made on a plan of production

means of production are often public - socialism and communism

96
Q

market economies

A

economic decisions are based on the market (supply & demand)

means of production are often private

97
Q

mixed economies

A

blend of command and market with public and private ownerships

98
Q

traditional economies

A

consider social customs in economic devision

rural areas - trading

99
Q

capitalist system

A

resources & production are privately owned & goods/services are produced for profit

100
Q

driving force of capitalism

A

pursuit of personal profit

101
Q

socialist system

A

resources and production are collectively owned

production of goods is only for direct use (not profit)

102
Q

driving force of socialism

A

collective goals

103
Q

communism

A

specific socialist structure

absence of currencies, classes and states based on economic/politic/social ideologies

104
Q

welfare capitalism

A

most of the economy is private except social welfare programs to serve certain needs

105
Q

state capitalism

A

companies are privately run but work closely with the government to form laws + regulations

106
Q

division of labor

A

occurs when society becomes so complex that an individual cannot meet all their needs alone

107
Q

pros and cons of division of labor

A

pro: increased rate of production
con: decreased the similarities in social experience among individuals

108
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

society remains integrated because individuals have common beliefs - same experiences

109
Q

organic solidarity

A

allows society to integrate through a division of labor

people have different personal experiences

110
Q

primary healthcare

A

care provider responsible for preventative care or disease management

111
Q

secondary healthcare

A

acute care (emergency) and speciality care (need a referral)

112
Q

tertiary healthcare

A

specialized form of healthcare

consultations with specialist care providers

e.g. cancer hospitals

113
Q

medical model of disease

A

emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness

113
Q

medical model of disease

A

emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness

114
Q

social model of disease

A

emphasizes the effect one’s social class/employment etc. can have on one’s health

115
Q

social epidemiology

A

how social organization contributes to the prevalence, incidence and distribution of disease

116
Q

the “sick” role

A

when someone is sick, they are not a contributing member of society (deviance)

others in society make up for the extra work

the sick person must continue to seek treatment

117
Q

limitations of the “sick” role

A

doesn’t account for chronic diseases or stigmatized diseases

people won’t accept that this person is actually sick

118
Q

the “illness” experience

A

patient’s subjective experience of illness

meanings people give to their illness & how it affects their daily lives

119
Q

symbolic culture

A

consists of symbols that are recognized by people of the same culture

help people within a society communicate + understand each other

120
Q

material culture

A

involves physical objects artifacts

clothing, hairstyles, food etc.

can reflect a culture’s values

121
Q

non-material culture

A

specific to social thoughts and ideas, such as values

122
Q

popular culture

A

describe features of a culture that appeal to the masses

communicated through mass media

123
Q

high culture

A

features that are limited to the consumption of the elite

124
Q

cultural universals

A

patterns or traits that are common to all people

basic human survival and needs

125
Q

what are values

A

a culture’s standard for evaluating what is good or bad

126
Q

what are beleifs

A

convictions of principles that people hold

127
Q

what are norms

A

the visible and invisible rules of social conduct within society

128
Q

sociobiology

A

study off how biology and evolution have affected human social behaviour

129
Q

cultural diffusion

A

transfer of elements of culture from one social group to another

contributes to the cultural similarities between different societies

130
Q

cultural competence

A

effective interactions between people from different cultures

131
Q

cultural transmission

A

process of information spread across generations

132
Q

cultural lag

A

transformative social changes occur - no social consensus about the new information

133
Q

why does cultural lag occur

A

material culture changes much faster than non-material culture, which often resists change

134
Q

two modern theories of sociocultural evolution

A

modernization and sociobiology

135
Q

why is the world experiencing a period of population growth

A

advances in agricultural production

innovations in medicine

136
Q

carrying capacity

A

total possible population that can be supported with resources without significant negative effects

137
Q

crude birth rate

A

annual number of births per 1000 people in a population

138
Q

crude death rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population

139
Q

total fertility rate

A

total number of births per single women in a population (assuming that the women experience the current recorded age-specified fertility rate)

140
Q

replacement fertility rate

A

at which the population will be balanced

141
Q

sub-replacement fertility rate

A

birth rate is less than death rate (population size will not be sustained)

142
Q

crude death rate and GDP

A

inverse relationship

143
Q

nomadism

A

continuous travel in search of natural resources

not migration - don’t settle

144
Q

external migration

A

international migration - often economic or political reasons

145
Q

internal migration

A

migrating to another area in the same country

economic - pursuing better opportunities

146
Q

involuntary migration

A

threat to individuals in their original environments (e.g. social cleansing)

147
Q

migration - push & pull

A

push: things that are unattractive about an area and “pushes” people to leave
pull: things that are attractive and “pulls” people to come

148
Q

white flight

A

suburbanization - migration of whites from cities to racially homogenous areas

149
Q

urban sprawl

A

migration of people from urban areas to other places

150
Q

consequence of urban sprawl

A

urban blight - less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline

151
Q

gentrification

A

renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal

152
Q

demographic transition

A

transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates (pre-industrial → industrial)

153
Q

Thomas Rober Malthus

A

said that population is the result of available resources

population will increase with increased resources

154
Q

Malthusiainism

A

the possible rate of population increased exceeds the possible rate of resource increase

155
Q

positive & preventative checks

A

positive - raise the death rate (disease)

preventative - lower the birth rate (birth control)

156
Q

Malthusian Catastrophe

A

means of sustenance is not enough to support the population → population reduction

157
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

movement that advocates for population control → reduces negative effects of population strain

158
Q

the Great Migration

A

migration of blacks from the rural south to the urban north after the abolition of slavery

159
Q

the New Great Migration

A

domestic reverse migration

increase in black migration to the now urban south

160
Q

population aging

A

disproportionate amount of older people in a population

161
Q

social aging

A

complex emotional and social changes that occur due to this biological process

162
Q

what is sex

A

biological characteristic that is assigned at birth & permanent in most cases (based on chromosomes and genitalia)

163
Q

what is gender

A

social characteristics that is based on behavioural role expectations

164
Q

gender schema theory

A

study of how gender beliefs become socialized in society

165
Q

race vs ethnicity

A

race = biological

ethnicity = cultural

166
Q

ethnocentrism

A

when people look at issues from the perspective of a particular cultural background

167
Q

pansexuality

A

attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex

168
Q

asexuality

A

lack of sexual attraction

169
Q

17th & 18th century immigration - USA

A

English colonists migrated to the US & servants (making up over half of all immigrants from Europe during this time)

170
Q

mid-19th century immigration - USA

A

mostly from Northern Europe

171
Q

early 20th century immigration - USA

A

mainly from southern and Eastern Europe - world war 2

the Great Depression reduced immigration to US (more emigration during that time)

172
Q

late 20th century immigration - USA

A

mostly from Asia and Latin America

highest immigration rates ever

173
Q

globalization

A

increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people around the world

174
Q

economic interdependence

A

division of labor on a global scale

175
Q

relative deprivation

A

being entitled to more than what one has in their current situation based on relative standards

176
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

increase/decrease in social class between parents & children within a family

177
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

differences in social class between different members of the same generation

178
Q

marginal vs structural poverty

A

marginal: due to lack of stable employment
structural: due to the underlying & pervasive effects of society’s institutions

179
Q

amalgamation

A

majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

180
Q

what is social stratification

A

the way in which people are categorized into society (by race, wealth, education etc.)

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (7 decks)

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