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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Class Four > Flashcards

Class Four Flashcards

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1
Q

neg. consequences of prolonged stress

A

immunosuppression, infertility + hypertension

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2
Q

what is appraisal

A

how a stressful event interpreted by an individual

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3
Q

three types of stressors

A

catastrophes

significant life changes

daily hassles

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4
Q

examples of catastrophes

A

unpredictable, large scale events - 9/11

common in refugee camps etc.

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5
Q

examples of significant life changes

A

losing a job, death, moving etc.

frequency of these events = high stress, can lead to diseases

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6
Q

examples of daily hassles

A

bills, traffic jams etc.

might overwhelm some people more than others - can lead to hypertension

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7
Q

how can stress impair physiological functioning

A

fatigue, decreased concentration, irritability

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8
Q

stress & learned helplessness

A

stress accompanied by lack of control over stress-inducing events = learned helplessness (exhaustion + lack of belief)

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9
Q

fight or fight response

A

sympathetic nervous system

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands

increased HR & RR → dulls pain + fast

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10
Q

cognitive system response to stress

A

hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) → stimulates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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11
Q

role of ACTH

A

signals to the adrenal gland to release cortisol

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12
Q

what is cortisol

A

glucocorticoid → shifts the body from using sugar as energy towards using fat was energy

keeps glucose levels high so the brain can use it

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13
Q

cortisol system is ____ than sympathetic system

A

slower

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14
Q

when is the cortisol system triggered

A

long term stress

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15
Q

prolonged cortisol release..

A

inhibits the activity of WBCs → increases vulnerability to illness

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16
Q

accidence of stressful situations can lead to..

A

bad habits (smoking, drinking + over eating)

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17
Q

3 clusters of symptoms for PTSD

A

avoidance

hyperarousal

re-experiencing

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18
Q

aerobic exercise - stress

A

lowers BP, increased neurotransmitters that boost mood (serotonin, endorphins)

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19
Q

what is biofeedback

A

used to control involuntary autonomic responses - training

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20
Q

what is personality

A

individual pattern of thinking, feeling & behaviours

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21
Q

personality according to psychoanalytic theory

A

shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings & memories

derived from the past - interactions with caregivers

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22
Q

who developed psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud

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23
Q

what is libido

A

life instinct - drives behaviours focused on survival, growth & pleasure

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24
Q

what does the death instinct drive

A

aggressive behaviours fuelled by an unconscious wish to fie

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25
Q

psychic energy - 3 personality components

A

id, ego & superego

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26
Q

what is id

A

it is unconscious - source of energy + instincts

seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain & gain pleasure (pleasure principle)

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27
Q

young child function entirely with which personality component

A

id

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28
Q

what is ego

A

ruled by the reality principle - uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and id

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29
Q

what is superego

A

inhibits id and influences ego to follow moralistic goals - strives for a higher purpose

makes judgments of right and wrong

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30
Q

ego defence mechanisms

A

to cope with anxiety + protect ego

these mechanisms unconsciously deny/distort reality

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31
Q

five psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent & genital

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32
Q

what happens in the oral stage

A

child seeks pleasure through sucking and chewing

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33
Q

who suggested the sexual energy is present from infancy

A

Freud

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34
Q

what happens in the anal stage

A

child seeks pleasure though control of elimination

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35
Q

what happens in the phallic stage

A

child seeks pleasure through genitals - attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile to same sex parents

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36
Q

Oedipus complex

A

boys being attracted to their mom - seeing dad as rival

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37
Q

Electra complex

A

girls being attracted to their dad - mom is rival

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38
Q

girls experience penis envy in the..

A

phallic stage

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39
Q

what happens in the latency stage

A

sexual interests subside + are replaced with school/friend interests

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40
Q

what happens in the genital stage

A

happens in adolescence

sexual energy fuels activities (friendships, art, sports etc.)

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41
Q

adult personality is determined in which psychosexual stages

A

first 3 (oral, anal & phallic)

42
Q

how did Erik Erikson add on to Freud’s theory

A

added social and interpersonal factors

43
Q

Erikson’s first stage of development

A

trust vs mistrust

if their needs are not met - they will mistrust the world

44
Q

Erikson’s second stage of development

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

making mistakes + explore the world or else they will be dependent in the future

45
Q

Erikson’s third stage of development

A

initiative vs guilt

need to be able to make decisions

46
Q

Erikson’s forth stage of development

A

industry vs inferiority

setting and meeting personal goals

47
Q

Erikson’s fifth stage of development

A

identity vs role confusion

testing limits & knowing their identity and goals

48
Q

Erikson’s sixth stage of development

A

intimacy vs isolation

need to be able to form intimate relationships

49
Q

Erikson’s seventh stage of development

A

generativity vs stagnation

feeling productive by helping the next generation

50
Q

Erikson’s eighth stage of development

A

integrity vs despair

looking back at your life

51
Q

talk therapy is associated with..

A

psychoanalytic therapy

52
Q

the psychoanalytic theory focuses on..

A

conflicts & psychopathology

53
Q

humanistic theory focuses on..

A

healthy personality development

humans are inherently good

54
Q

actualizing tendency

A

innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism

55
Q

self-actualization

A

realizing one’s human potential

56
Q

humanistic theory was developed by..

A

Carl Rogers

57
Q

when does one feel incongruence

A

they encounter experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts

58
Q

goal of humanistic therapy

A

helping clients to trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions

59
Q

what is personality according to behaviourist perspective

A

result of learned behaviour patterns based on one’s environment

60
Q

classical conditioning

A

acquiring a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that already produces the desired effect

61
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviours are influenced by the consequences that follow them

62
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presence of rewarding stimulus

63
Q

positive punishment

A

presence of an aversive stimulus

64
Q

negative reinforcement

A

absence of aversive stimulus

65
Q

negative punishment

A

absence of rewarding stimulus

66
Q

behavioural therapy

A

using conditioning to shape one’s behaviours in the desired direction

67
Q

what is personality according to social cognitive perspective

A

personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive & environmental factors

68
Q

what is observational learning

A

when one person watches another person’s behaviours and its consequences

Bobo doll experiment

69
Q

goal of cognitive psychotherapy

A

help clients become awaits or irrational beliefs and replace them with positive ones

70
Q

surface trait

A

evident from one’s behaviour

surface level

71
Q

source traits

A

factors underlying human personality and behaviour

fewer + more abstract

72
Q

who used factor analysis with surface traits

A

Raymond Cattell

73
Q

factors in the Five Factor Model

A

extroversion

neuroticism

openness to experience

agreeableness

conscientiousness

74
Q

who developed the Five Factor Model

A

McCrae and Costa

75
Q

what did Hans Eysenck propose

A

one’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation

extroverts are less easily aroused

76
Q

what did Jeffrey Alan Gray propose

A

personality is governed by the brain responding to rewarding and punishing stimuli

77
Q

what did C. Robert Cloninger propose

A

personality is linked to the level of neurotransmitters in the 3 brain systems

78
Q

person-mutation controversy

A

considers the degree to which a persons reaction is due to their personality or due to the situation

79
Q

factors that influence motivation (4)

A

instincts

drive/negative feedback

arousal

needs

80
Q

how does instinct influence motivation

A

behaviours that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

represents the contribution of genes which predispose species to particular behaviours

81
Q

what is a drive

A

an urge originating from physiological discomfort (e.g hunger)

82
Q

how does arousal influence motivation

A

someone that isn’t stimulated enough will look for something to do

someone that is too stimulated will sleep/relax

83
Q

drive reduction theory

A

physiological need creates an aroused state that drives you to engage in a certain behaviour

84
Q

drive vs incentive

A

drive: internal physiological need
incentive: external stimuli that encourages/discourages behaviour

85
Q

who came up with the hierarchy of needs

A

Abraham Maslow

86
Q

top and bottom of Maslow’s pyramid

A

top: self-actualization
bottom: physiological needs

87
Q

control center for temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

intake of fluids is stimulated by..

A

specialized osmoreceptors in the brain that detect dehydration

89
Q

ABCs of attitude

A

affect (emotion)

behaviour tendencies

cognition (thought)

90
Q

principle of aggregation

A

an attitude affects one’s aggregate/average behaviour but not an isolated act

91
Q

Zimbardo’s prison study

A

looks at the power of social roles

the guards were violent towards the prisoners

92
Q

public declaration - behaviour influencing attitude

A

by publicly declaring that you believe something, you can actually begin to believe it (if you say it enough - politician)

93
Q

justification of effort

A

modifying attitudes to match behaviours

94
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

we feel tension when we hold 2 thoughts that don’t match

95
Q

3 components of emotion

A

physiological (body), behavioural (action) and cognitive (mind)

96
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

people perform best when they are moderately aroused

97
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A

stimulus → physiological response → emotion

98
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

stimulus → physiological response AND emotion

*simultaneous and independent of each other

99
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

stimulus → physiological response → cognitive interpretation → emotion

100
Q

what explains the false memory effect

A

the spread of activation

101
Q

according to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the..

A

I

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (7 decks)

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