Class Four Flashcards
neg. consequences of prolonged stress
immunosuppression, infertility + hypertension
what is appraisal
how a stressful event interpreted by an individual
three types of stressors
catastrophes
significant life changes
daily hassles
examples of catastrophes
unpredictable, large scale events - 9/11
common in refugee camps etc.
examples of significant life changes
losing a job, death, moving etc.
frequency of these events = high stress, can lead to diseases
examples of daily hassles
bills, traffic jams etc.
might overwhelm some people more than others - can lead to hypertension
how can stress impair physiological functioning
fatigue, decreased concentration, irritability
stress & learned helplessness
stress accompanied by lack of control over stress-inducing events = learned helplessness (exhaustion + lack of belief)
fight or fight response
sympathetic nervous system
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands
increased HR & RR → dulls pain + fast
cognitive system response to stress
hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) → stimulates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
role of ACTH
signals to the adrenal gland to release cortisol
what is cortisol
glucocorticoid → shifts the body from using sugar as energy towards using fat was energy
keeps glucose levels high so the brain can use it
cortisol system is ____ than sympathetic system
slower
when is the cortisol system triggered
long term stress
prolonged cortisol release..
inhibits the activity of WBCs → increases vulnerability to illness
accidence of stressful situations can lead to..
bad habits (smoking, drinking + over eating)
3 clusters of symptoms for PTSD
avoidance
hyperarousal
re-experiencing
aerobic exercise - stress
lowers BP, increased neurotransmitters that boost mood (serotonin, endorphins)
what is biofeedback
used to control involuntary autonomic responses - training
what is personality
individual pattern of thinking, feeling & behaviours
personality according to psychoanalytic theory
shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings & memories
derived from the past - interactions with caregivers
who developed psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
what is libido
life instinct - drives behaviours focused on survival, growth & pleasure
what does the death instinct drive
aggressive behaviours fuelled by an unconscious wish to fie
psychic energy - 3 personality components
id, ego & superego
what is id
it is unconscious - source of energy + instincts
seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain & gain pleasure (pleasure principle)
young child function entirely with which personality component
id
what is ego
ruled by the reality principle - uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and id
what is superego
inhibits id and influences ego to follow moralistic goals - strives for a higher purpose
makes judgments of right and wrong
ego defence mechanisms
to cope with anxiety + protect ego
these mechanisms unconsciously deny/distort reality
five psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent & genital
what happens in the oral stage
child seeks pleasure through sucking and chewing
who suggested the sexual energy is present from infancy
Freud
what happens in the anal stage
child seeks pleasure though control of elimination
what happens in the phallic stage
child seeks pleasure through genitals - attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile to same sex parents
Oedipus complex
boys being attracted to their mom - seeing dad as rival
Electra complex
girls being attracted to their dad - mom is rival
girls experience penis envy in the..
phallic stage
what happens in the latency stage
sexual interests subside + are replaced with school/friend interests
what happens in the genital stage
happens in adolescence
sexual energy fuels activities (friendships, art, sports etc.)
adult personality is determined in which psychosexual stages
first 3 (oral, anal & phallic)
how did Erik Erikson add on to Freud’s theory
added social and interpersonal factors
Erikson’s first stage of development
trust vs mistrust
if their needs are not met - they will mistrust the world
Erikson’s second stage of development
autonomy vs shame and doubt
making mistakes + explore the world or else they will be dependent in the future
Erikson’s third stage of development
initiative vs guilt
need to be able to make decisions
Erikson’s forth stage of development
industry vs inferiority
setting and meeting personal goals
Erikson’s fifth stage of development
identity vs role confusion
testing limits & knowing their identity and goals
Erikson’s sixth stage of development
intimacy vs isolation
need to be able to form intimate relationships
Erikson’s seventh stage of development
generativity vs stagnation
feeling productive by helping the next generation
Erikson’s eighth stage of development
integrity vs despair
looking back at your life
talk therapy is associated with..
psychoanalytic therapy
the psychoanalytic theory focuses on..
conflicts & psychopathology
humanistic theory focuses on..
healthy personality development
humans are inherently good
actualizing tendency
innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
self-actualization
realizing one’s human potential
humanistic theory was developed by..
Carl Rogers
when does one feel incongruence
they encounter experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts
goal of humanistic therapy
helping clients to trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions
what is personality according to behaviourist perspective
result of learned behaviour patterns based on one’s environment
classical conditioning
acquiring a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that already produces the desired effect
operant conditioning
behaviours are influenced by the consequences that follow them
positive reinforcement
presence of rewarding stimulus
positive punishment
presence of an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
absence of aversive stimulus
negative punishment
absence of rewarding stimulus
behavioural therapy
using conditioning to shape one’s behaviours in the desired direction
what is personality according to social cognitive perspective
personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive & environmental factors
what is observational learning
when one person watches another person’s behaviours and its consequences
Bobo doll experiment
goal of cognitive psychotherapy
help clients become awaits or irrational beliefs and replace them with positive ones
surface trait
evident from one’s behaviour
surface level
source traits
factors underlying human personality and behaviour
fewer + more abstract
who used factor analysis with surface traits
Raymond Cattell
factors in the Five Factor Model
extroversion
neuroticism
openness to experience
agreeableness
conscientiousness
who developed the Five Factor Model
McCrae and Costa
what did Hans Eysenck propose
one’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation
extroverts are less easily aroused
what did Jeffrey Alan Gray propose
personality is governed by the brain responding to rewarding and punishing stimuli
what did C. Robert Cloninger propose
personality is linked to the level of neurotransmitters in the 3 brain systems
person-mutation controversy
considers the degree to which a persons reaction is due to their personality or due to the situation
factors that influence motivation (4)
instincts
drive/negative feedback
arousal
needs
how does instinct influence motivation
behaviours that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species
represents the contribution of genes which predispose species to particular behaviours
what is a drive
an urge originating from physiological discomfort (e.g hunger)
how does arousal influence motivation
someone that isn’t stimulated enough will look for something to do
someone that is too stimulated will sleep/relax
drive reduction theory
physiological need creates an aroused state that drives you to engage in a certain behaviour
drive vs incentive
drive: internal physiological need
incentive: external stimuli that encourages/discourages behaviour
who came up with the hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
top and bottom of Maslow’s pyramid
top: self-actualization
bottom: physiological needs
control center for temperature regulation
hypothalamus
intake of fluids is stimulated by..
specialized osmoreceptors in the brain that detect dehydration
ABCs of attitude
affect (emotion)
behaviour tendencies
cognition (thought)
principle of aggregation
an attitude affects one’s aggregate/average behaviour but not an isolated act
Zimbardo’s prison study
looks at the power of social roles
the guards were violent towards the prisoners
public declaration - behaviour influencing attitude
by publicly declaring that you believe something, you can actually begin to believe it (if you say it enough - politician)
justification of effort
modifying attitudes to match behaviours
cognitive dissonance theory
we feel tension when we hold 2 thoughts that don’t match
3 components of emotion
physiological (body), behavioural (action) and cognitive (mind)
Yerkes-Dodson law
people perform best when they are moderately aroused
James Lange theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response → emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response AND emotion
*simultaneous and independent of each other
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response → cognitive interpretation → emotion
what explains the false memory effect
the spread of activation
according to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the..
I
