Class Five Flashcards
what is a physiological disorder
set of behavioural/physiological symptoms that do not keep up with cultural norms
distress + impaired personal functioning
core components for diagnosis of physiological disorders
symptom quantity + severity
impact on functioning
standards for diagnoses
DSM 5
characteristics of anxiety disorders
excessive fear + anxiety with physiological & psychological symptoms
e.g. separation anxiety disorder
characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorders
pattern of obsessive thoughts + behavioural compulsions
e.g. body dysmorphia
characteristics of trauma related disorders
unhealthy responses to harmful events
patterns of anxiety, depression
e.g. PTSD
characteristics of somatic symptom disorders
symptoms that cannot be described by a medical condition but cause emotional distress
e.g. somatic symptom disorder
characteristics of bipolar disorders
mood swings, manic → depressive
e.g. bipolar 1 and 2 disorders
characteristics of depressive disorders
disturbance in mood or affect
sleep, appetite, fatigue
e.g. major depressive disorder
characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum disorders
loss of contact with reality
has positive and negative symptoms
e.g. delusional disorder
characteristics of dissociative disorders
disruptions in memory and awareness
usually caused by psychological trauma
e.g. dissociative identity disorder
characteristics of personality disorders
maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition
3 clusters: A, B and C
characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders
developmental deficits, learning impairments
e.g. ASD
characteristics of neurocognitive disorders
cognitive abnormalities or decline in memory
e.g. MMND (major and mild)
characteristics of feeding and eating disorders
abnormal eating behaviours
e.g. anorexia nervosa
4 types of anxiety disorders
panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
bipolar I vs bipolar II
bipolar I: diagnosed only if there has been a spontaneous manic episode (or mixed)
bipolar II: manic phases are less extreme, requires both types of episodes - hypomanic and major depressive
positive symptoms for schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking
negative symptoms for schizophrenia
decreased emotional expression, lack of motivation
cluster A of personality disorder
paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal
traits is shown as: irrational, withdrawn, cold
cluster B of personality disorder
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
shown as: emotional, dramatic, attention seeking
cluster C of personality disorder
avoidant
dependent
obsessive compulsive
shown as: tense, anxious, over-controlled
dopamine hypothesis
hypothesis that the pathway for dopamine is hyperactive in people with schizophrenia
down syndrome is caused by..
third copy of chromosome 21
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
most recent memories not being retained
Alzheimer’s - brain
cortical disease - caused by the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tau protein)
abnormalities of ACh in the hippocampus
Parkinson’s disease - brain
caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substance nigra
treatment for Parkinson’s
L-dopa treatments
precursor to dopamine & can cross blood brain barrier
what is consciousness
awareness that we have of ourselves, internal states and environment
what brain structures control alertness + arousal
reticular formation
polysomnography
multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep
includes EEG etc.
what do alpha waves indicate
relaxed state → going to sleep
what do beta waves indicate
alertness, focus + active consciousness
stage 1 of sleep
theta waves dominate this section
person is less responsive to stimulus
slow eye rolling movements
stage 2 of sleep
has K-complexes (large and slow wave) and sleep spindles (bursts of waves)
no eye movement
increased relaxation (decreased HR etc.)
stage 3 and 4 of sleep
has delta waves (signifies the deepest level of sleep)
slow wave sleep → no eye movements, slow HR and digestion, growth hormones secreted
final stage of sleep is
REM sleep
what happens during REM sleep
bursts of quick eye movements
look like beta waves
when do dreams occur
in REM sleep
average sleep cycle length
90 min
SCN purpose with sleep
exposure to light stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus → affects body temp and hormone levels and tells us to wake up
melatonin and sleep
melatonin is made by the pineal gland (darkness stimulates it SCN to signal to pineal gland)
melatonin makes you tired
bright light inhibits the release of melatonin
REM rebound
missing REM sleep for one night → increase in REM sleep later to compensate
Freud and dreams
though that the plot lines (manifest content) were symbolic of latent content (unconscious wishes and desires)
activation synthesis theory of dreams
suggests that dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep
dreams aren’t purposeful
dyssomnia
abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep
insomnia
most common sleep disorder
difficulty falling asleep
narcolepsy
overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
sleep apnea
people stop breathing during sleep
associated with obesity
parasomnia
abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep
somnambulism
sleep waking
occurs during slow wave sleep (stage 3)
dissociation theory of hypnosis
suggests that hypnosis is an extreme form of divided consciousness
“autopilot”
social influence theory of hypnosis
people do and report what is expected fo them
like actors that get caught up in their roles
3 categories of psychoactive drugs
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogenics
depressants
slow down neural activity
e.g. alcohol and opiates
alcohol and REM sleep
alcohol can suppress REM sleep → loss of short term memory
stimulates GABA and dopamine systems
stimulants
either increases the release of neurotransmitters, reduces reuptake or both!
e.g. caffeine, nicotine and cocaine
hallucinogens
distort perceptions in the absence of any sensory input, creating hallucinations
least addictive of the psychoactive drug classes
types of dependence on drugs (2)
psychological: use of drug in response to painful emotions
physical dependence: evidenced by withdrawal
alcohol and BP
alcohol abuse is associated with increased baseline blood pressure
