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Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Class Five > Flashcards

Class Five Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a physiological disorder

A

set of behavioural/physiological symptoms that do not keep up with cultural norms

distress + impaired personal functioning

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2
Q

core components for diagnosis of physiological disorders

A

symptom quantity + severity

impact on functioning

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3
Q

standards for diagnoses

A

DSM 5

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4
Q

characteristics of anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear + anxiety with physiological & psychological symptoms

e.g. separation anxiety disorder

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5
Q

characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorders

A

pattern of obsessive thoughts + behavioural compulsions

e.g. body dysmorphia

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6
Q

characteristics of trauma related disorders

A

unhealthy responses to harmful events

patterns of anxiety, depression

e.g. PTSD

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7
Q

characteristics of somatic symptom disorders

A

symptoms that cannot be described by a medical condition but cause emotional distress

e.g. somatic symptom disorder

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8
Q

characteristics of bipolar disorders

A

mood swings, manic → depressive

e.g. bipolar 1 and 2 disorders

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9
Q

characteristics of depressive disorders

A

disturbance in mood or affect

sleep, appetite, fatigue

e.g. major depressive disorder

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10
Q

characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A

loss of contact with reality

has positive and negative symptoms

e.g. delusional disorder

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11
Q

characteristics of dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in memory and awareness

usually caused by psychological trauma

e.g. dissociative identity disorder

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12
Q

characteristics of personality disorders

A

maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition

3 clusters: A, B and C

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13
Q

characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders

A

developmental deficits, learning impairments

e.g. ASD

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14
Q

characteristics of neurocognitive disorders

A

cognitive abnormalities or decline in memory

e.g. MMND (major and mild)

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15
Q

characteristics of feeding and eating disorders

A

abnormal eating behaviours

e.g. anorexia nervosa

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16
Q

4 types of anxiety disorders

A

panic disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

specific phobia

social anxiety disorder

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17
Q

bipolar I vs bipolar II

A

bipolar I: diagnosed only if there has been a spontaneous manic episode (or mixed)

bipolar II: manic phases are less extreme, requires both types of episodes - hypomanic and major depressive

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18
Q

positive symptoms for schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking

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19
Q

negative symptoms for schizophrenia

A

decreased emotional expression, lack of motivation

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20
Q

cluster A of personality disorder

A

paranoid

schizoid

schizotypal

traits is shown as: irrational, withdrawn, cold

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21
Q

cluster B of personality disorder

A

antisocial

borderline

histrionic

narcissistic

shown as: emotional, dramatic, attention seeking

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22
Q

cluster C of personality disorder

A

avoidant

dependent

obsessive compulsive

shown as: tense, anxious, over-controlled

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23
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

hypothesis that the pathway for dopamine is hyperactive in people with schizophrenia

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24
Q

down syndrome is caused by..

A

third copy of chromosome 21

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25
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

26
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

most recent memories not being retained

27
Q

Alzheimer’s - brain

A

cortical disease - caused by the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tau protein)

abnormalities of ACh in the hippocampus

28
Q

Parkinson’s disease - brain

A

caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substance nigra

29
Q

treatment for Parkinson’s

A

L-dopa treatments

precursor to dopamine & can cross blood brain barrier

30
Q

what is consciousness

A

awareness that we have of ourselves, internal states and environment

31
Q

what brain structures control alertness + arousal

A

reticular formation

32
Q

polysomnography

A

multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep

includes EEG etc.

33
Q

what do alpha waves indicate

A

relaxed state → going to sleep

34
Q

what do beta waves indicate

A

alertness, focus + active consciousness

35
Q

stage 1 of sleep

A

theta waves dominate this section

person is less responsive to stimulus

slow eye rolling movements

36
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

has K-complexes (large and slow wave) and sleep spindles (bursts of waves)

no eye movement

increased relaxation (decreased HR etc.)

37
Q

stage 3 and 4 of sleep

A

has delta waves (signifies the deepest level of sleep)

slow wave sleep → no eye movements, slow HR and digestion, growth hormones secreted

38
Q

final stage of sleep is

A

REM sleep

39
Q

what happens during REM sleep

A

bursts of quick eye movements

look like beta waves

40
Q

when do dreams occur

A

in REM sleep

41
Q

average sleep cycle length

A

90 min

42
Q

SCN purpose with sleep

A

exposure to light stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus → affects body temp and hormone levels and tells us to wake up

43
Q

melatonin and sleep

A

melatonin is made by the pineal gland (darkness stimulates it SCN to signal to pineal gland)

melatonin makes you tired

bright light inhibits the release of melatonin

44
Q

REM rebound

A

missing REM sleep for one night → increase in REM sleep later to compensate

45
Q

Freud and dreams

A

though that the plot lines (manifest content) were symbolic of latent content (unconscious wishes and desires)

46
Q

activation synthesis theory of dreams

A

suggests that dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep

dreams aren’t purposeful

47
Q

dyssomnia

A

abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep

48
Q

insomnia

A

most common sleep disorder

difficulty falling asleep

49
Q

narcolepsy

A

overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods

50
Q

sleep apnea

A

people stop breathing during sleep

associated with obesity

51
Q

parasomnia

A

abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep

52
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep waking

occurs during slow wave sleep (stage 3)

53
Q

dissociation theory of hypnosis

A

suggests that hypnosis is an extreme form of divided consciousness

“autopilot”

54
Q

social influence theory of hypnosis

A

people do and report what is expected fo them

like actors that get caught up in their roles

55
Q

3 categories of psychoactive drugs

A

depressants

stimulants

hallucinogenics

56
Q

depressants

A

slow down neural activity

e.g. alcohol and opiates

57
Q

alcohol and REM sleep

A

alcohol can suppress REM sleep → loss of short term memory

stimulates GABA and dopamine systems

58
Q

stimulants

A

either increases the release of neurotransmitters, reduces reuptake or both!

e.g. caffeine, nicotine and cocaine

59
Q

hallucinogens

A

distort perceptions in the absence of any sensory input, creating hallucinations

least addictive of the psychoactive drug classes

60
Q

types of dependence on drugs (2)

A

psychological: use of drug in response to painful emotions

physical dependence: evidenced by withdrawal

61
Q

alcohol and BP

A

alcohol abuse is associated with increased baseline blood pressure

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (7 decks)

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