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MCAT Biology > Class 9 > Flashcards

Class 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the excretory organs?

A

Colon
Liver
Kidney

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2
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Elimination of colon, material not absorbed into blood

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3
Q

What does the liver do?

A 
Modifying nutrients (hydrophilic) hydrophobic waste and absorbed, not final form
-takes AA into urea
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4
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Process hydrophilic waste, was eaten then absorbed, nutrients to blood, regulates ions, urine

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5
Q

What does the kidney regulate?

A

pH
BP
Osmolarity

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6
Q

What does the kidney activate?

A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

What does the kidney secrete?

A

Erythroprotein

-RBC production

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8
Q

What is the Ureter?

A

Take urine from kidney to bladder then bladder and then the urethra
-and smooth muscle except kidney

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9
Q

What is the internal urinary sphincter?

A

Relaxes to let urine out off bladder (involuntary) smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is the external urinary sphincter?

A

Lets ruin out of the urethra, skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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11
Q

What is the difference between kidney cortex and medulla?

A

Outer layer of kidney

Medulla inside of kidney

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12
Q

What is a Nephron?

A

Functional unit that filters blood and produce urine. Start un cortex then down in medulla

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13
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Where urine collects after nephrons, and drains into ureter

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14
Q

What is filtration?

A

Moving a substance across membrane using pressure

-decrease BP, decrease, filtration and vice versa

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15
Q

What is the normal globular filtration rate?

A

125ml/min

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16
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriol?

A

Afferent: blood into kidney
-more flow dilated

Efferent: blood out of kidney
-constricted increase blood flow

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17
Q

What is Reabsorption?

A

Substrate for filtrate to blood

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18
Q

What is secretion?

A

Substance from blood to filtrate

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19
Q

What is always absorbed?

A

100% glucose, AAs and most H2O

Na and HCO3- almost always

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20
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tube?

A

Most reabsorption and secretion and is unregulated

-60-70% reabsorption

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21
Q

What is the loop of henley?

A

Sets up [gradient], has high osmolarity in the surrounding medulla

  • permeable to H2O but not to salt
  • H2O is passive diffusion out of tubule
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22
Q

What happens to the osmolarity in the loop of henley?

A

Osmolarity increase in the descending loop and us hypertonic to blood

In ascending permeable to salt but not H2O. Na leaves via passive transport out of the tube then higher in the ascending Na leaves via active transport. osmolarity decreases

23
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption, secretion but are regulated based on body needs

24
Q

What hormones regulate what in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

PTH
Aldosterone
Calcitonin

25
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Most H2O reabsorption happens

26
Q

Where does ADH act?

A

Act on the collecting duct to let more water level then normal, increases AQ channels to decrease urine volume

27
Q

What acts as a diuretic?

A

Alcohol

Caffeine

28
Q

What happens when you have large loops of henley?

A

Larger the loop the more concentrated the urine

-80% short 15% long

29
Q

What is the relationship between urine and blood?

A

They go in opposite directions

30
Q

How does the renin-angiotensin system work?

A

If BP is low, kidney secretes enzyme renin which cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which is a vassoconstrictor which increases BP, Aldostreone, increases blood osmolarity, increases ADH and Water reabsorption and increases blood volume and BP

31
Q

What is the JGA?

A

Jusxtaglomular apparatus

  • the afferent and diistal tubule contact pint
  • Distal measures the filtrate osmolarity. If low afferent dilates
32
Q

What kinds of receptor does the afferent arteriole have?

A

Baroreceptor which secretes renin when BP is low

33
Q

What does ANP do?

A

When BP is high it stresses blood vessels, builds up plaque and causes heart atria to stretch and RA releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) dilates and inhibits aldosterone release and renin which decreases BP

34
Q

When you have ANP what happens to the other properties of blood?

A

Na, water reabsorption decrease
Blood volume decreases
Urine volume increases

35
Q

How does pH get regulated?

A

Slow and fast via the kidneys by shifting the equation of CO2 to HCO3- (bicarb)

36
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Long muscular tube from mouth to anus

37
Q

What ar the accessory organs?

A

Some other organ has roles related but not directly attached

38
Q

What does the liver do for digestion?

A

makes bile to emulsify fats

-its amphipathic

39
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

40
Q

What does the pancreases do for digestion?

A

Endocrine roles: Excretes insulin and glucagon

Exocrine roles: Makes digestive enzymes

41
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa of of epithelial tissue, submucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal, and serosa

42
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

circular and longitudinal muscle work to move food through alimentary canal

43
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the mouth?

A

Saliva (water, ions, mucus enzymes like lysozyme to perforate cells)
Amylase starch digestion
Lingual lipase lipid digestion

44
Q

Where is cardiac sphincter?

A

Between the esophagus and the stomach

45
Q

What controls the entry of food into the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

46
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the stomach?

A

Parietal cells: Release HCl
Chief cell: release pepsinogen
Mucus cells: release mucus

47
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

release HCl to cleave pepsinogen to pepsin

48
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the stomach?

A

G cells: release gastrin increase activity of. gastric glands and increase gastric motility
-activated by presence of food and inhibited by low pH

49
Q

What are the parts of. the SI?

A

Duodenum (5%)
Jejunum (40)
Ileum (55%)

50
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the SI?

A

Enteropeptidase: activates trypsinogen into trypsin

Brush border enzyme: get things in to monomer form

51
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the SI?

A

Enterogastrin: decreases stomach emptying and motility. Triggered by food in SI

CCK: stimulates release of bile. Triggered by fat. and protein

Secretin: releases bicarb from pancreas to increase pH. Triggered by decrease in pH

52
Q

What do the bacteria int he LI do?

A

Decrease pathogen growth, e at undigested food, release methane and. Vitamin K

53
Q

Where is the ileosecal valve?

A

Separates SI from LI, usually cloud but will relax when food is in stomach

54
Q

How many spinsters does the anus have?

A

2

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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