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MCAT Biology > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Gaining O
Lose H
Lose e-

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2
Q

What is reduction?

A

Lose O
Gain H
Gain e-

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3
Q

What happen when you go from Fe2+ to Fe3+?

A

Oxidation

-increase in positive charge is losing e-

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

-doesnt need O2

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5
Q

Where does KREBSs happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

-uses O2 indirectly

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6
Q

Where does ETC happen?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

-needs O2 directly

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7
Q

What its the process of glycolysis?

A 
6C
6CP
6CP
P6cP
2 3CP
2 3CP
2 3C
Pyruvate
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8
Q

IN glycolysis what are the points there G«<0

A

6C to 6CP (by G6P)

6CP to P6CP (by fructose6P)

2 3CP to 2 3C (by 2PEP)

means its spontaneous and irreversible and need different enzymes for forwards and backwards rxn

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9
Q

What its G6P?

A

Enzyme that turns Hexokinase into glucose

-its ihibited by products (-feedback)

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10
Q

What is PFK?

A

Enzyme that converts fructose 6P to F16BP

-inhibited by citrate (Krebs) and ATP (reactant), these are both allosteric inhibitors

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11
Q

What is Pyruvate kinase?

A

enzyme that converts 2PEP to pyruvate

-inhibited by ATP and acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

A

Reactants: Glucose, 2 NAD+

Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADH

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13
Q

What Is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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14
Q

What are the products of the Krebs?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

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15
Q

How do you make citric acid?

A

Oxaloacetate and acetyl co A

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16
Q

What are the intermediates in the Krebs?

A 
Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
Alphaketoglutarase
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumerase
Malate
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17
Q

In ETC where does the ATPase pump to protons to and from?

A

From the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix

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18
Q

Where does some of the NADH from glycolysis go?

A

Goes from cytosol to the 2nd proton pump (bypasses first) and is shuttled to the 2nd pump Bia the glycerol phosphate shuttle

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19
Q

how much ATP does NADH produce?

A

2.5 ATP

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20
Q

How much ATP does FADH2 produce?

A

1.5 ATP

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21
Q

In the ETC what are the names of all the complexes?

A 
Coenzyme Q reductase
Coenzyme Q ubiquinol
Coenzyme reductase cytochrome C
Cytochrome C
Cytochrom C reductase 
ATPase
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22
Q

If O2 is present how much ATP with prokaryotes and eukaryotes make in total?

A

32ATP prokaryotes

30 ATP eukaryote

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23
Q

What happens to the cycle gif no O2 is present?

A

NADH cant lose its H so it isn’t reduced so NO ETC KREBS, PGC OR GLYCOLYSIS

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24
Q

If there is no O2 present, what would happen at the end of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate would be reduced to ethanol (yeast) or lactic acid (animal cells)
-in which the NADH would be reduced to NAD+

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25
Q

What are the problems with glycolysis without O2?

A
  1. Not enough ATP from glycolysis alone

2. End product is toxic in high amounts

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26
Q

If there is no O2 present, what would be the end products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2NADH
2Pyruvate

27
Q

When is glycolysis favoured?

A

When there is high glucose and low ATP

28
Q

When is gluconeogenesis favoured?

A

when there is low glucose and high ATP

29
Q

What are the different enzymes needed for when glucose is being formed by pyruvate?

A 
Pyruvate carboxylase (2 3C to 2 4C)
Carboxykindase (2 4C to 2 3CP)
F16BP phosphatase (P6CP to 6)
G6P phosphatase (6CP to 6C)
30
Q

What is reciprocal regulation?

A

The same molecule regulates 2 different and opposing enzyme in opposite ways

31
Q

If we think of reciprocal regulation what does citrate do?

A

Citrate levels a re high when there is an increase in Acetyl CoA or the Krebs cycle gets backed up
-this inhibits PFK and glycolysis decreases

32
Q

If we think of reciprocal regulation what does ATP do?

A

ATP inhibits PFK and stimulates F16BP therefore increasing gluconeogensis

33
Q

What is hormonal regulation?

A

When insulin stimulates F26BP (when there is high blood glucose) which increases PFK therefore increasing glycolysis

When there is low blood glucose it inhibits F26BP therefore decreasing glycolysis and icngeaing gluconeogensis

34
Q

What are hormones?

A

produced by glands, targets organs and has specific effect on target

35
Q

What are the conditions in which we see glycogenesis?

A

When glucose is high and ATP is high, we want to store glucose as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

36
Q

What are the conditions in which we see glycogenolysis?

A

decrease glucose

-hormones are produced (glucagon and epi)

37
Q

What is the pathway to get to glycogen?

A

6C
6CP
6CP
Glycogen

38
Q

What are the enzyme used in glycogen formation?

A

Hexokinase (6C to 6CP)
Phosphoglucomutase (G6P to G1P)
Glycogensynthase (G1P to Glycogen)

39
Q

What stimulates the enzyme Glycogensynthase?

A

By insulin

40
Q

What are the enzymes used when going from glycogen to glucose?

A 
Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen to G1P)
G6Phosphatase (G6P to glucose)
41
Q

What is the PPP?

A

G6P (from glucose) to RU5P (5C)

42
Q

What energy carrier is produced in the PPP?

A

2 NADPH

43
Q

What are the pathways that RU5P (5C) can enter?

A

Ribose5P for nucleotide synthesis
5C for nucleotide synthesis
Fru6P (6C) and GAP (3C)

44
Q

In the PPP when RU5P is being made into nucleotides what is the next step in formation?

A

GAP (3C) from glycolysis

Fru6P (6C) from glycolysis

45
Q

In the PPP what is the enzyme used?

A

G6PDH

-which is inhibited by NADPH

46
Q

What are the 2 phases of the PPP?

A

Oxidative phase (G6P to RU5P) - irreversible

Nonoxidative phase (RU5P to Riboose5P, 5C, Fru6P (6C) and GAP (3C))

47
Q

In the PP which phases are spontaneous, reversible and regulated?

A

Oxidative is spontaneous, irreversible and regulated

Non oxidative is reversible

48
Q

What is the overall purpose of the PPP?

A

Generate NADPH as reducing power for

  1. eliminates ROS
  2. Fatty acid synthesis
49
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

3 Fatty acids and 1 glycerol

50
Q

What is the main source of sorted energy in the body ?

A

Triglycerides

51
Q

What is the process to make saturated fatty acids?

A 
FA+CoA
Double bond made (+FADH2)
Add Ketone (+NADH)
Forms Acetyl CoA (2C) can enter Krebs
The rest of the molecule gets returned to the top to redo the beta oxidation process again to generate another acetyl CoA
52
Q

How do you calculate the number of cycles a saturated fatty acid will have to go through?

A

(#C’s/2)-1

53
Q

What is the process to make unsaturated fatty acids?

A

FA+CoA
Change position of double bonds (isomerize)
Make right double bonds (+NADH)
Add ketone
Forms Acetyl CoA (2C) can enter Kreb
The rest of the molecule gets returned to the top to redo the beta oxidation process again to generate another acetyl CoA

54
Q

Which fatty acids gives more ATP?

A

Saturated gives more because more double bonds from unsaturated fatty acids gives lower energy

55
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?

A

in the cytosol and starts with Acetyl CoA and MalonylCoA

56
Q

How do you get Malonyl CoA?

A

Acetyl CoA and HCO3 with the enzyme carboxylase

57
Q

What is the location, linked to, Coenxyme and energy of FA oxidation?

A

Location: Mitochondrial matrix
Linked to: CoA
Coenzyme: FAD, NAD+ (needs some ATP)
Energy: Makes a lot fo reduced e- carriers

58
Q

What is the location, linked to, Coenxyme and energy of FA synthesis?

A

Location: cytosol
Linked to: ACP
Coenzyme: NADPH (need a bit of ATP)
Energy: ATP to make malonyl

59
Q

What is ketogenesis ?

A

During longtime starvation blood glucose levels decrease. SO to meet energy needs we have to oxidize fats to get acetyl CoA. When Acetyl CoA increase and feeds into the Krebs. The left over acetyl CoA from ketone bodies can enter the brain and reconverted to acetyl CoA
-Acetyl Coa doesn’t cross the BBB

60
Q

What happens when 2 acetyl CoAs combine?

A

Acetoacetate and can either become acetone or betahydronoybutarate (both are 3 ketone bodies and are acidic)

61
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

Increase level of ketones decreases pH

62
Q

How is protein broken down?

A

Via proteases into individual AA from your own proteins

63
Q

What can the products of protein breakdown be made into?

A

Amino and Carbon Skeleton

  • Amino can form N compounds and Urea
  • Skeleton can form gluconeogenesis (most AA go here) and ketone bodies

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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