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MCAT Biology > Class 7 > Flashcards

Class 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is myelin made of?

A

Fats

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2
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

single dendrite and axon terminal on opposite side of cell

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3
Q

What is a unipolar neuron ?

A

A single blob that has both dendrites and axon terminal coming out of it

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4
Q

How does the NA/K Atpase work?

A

Pums 3 Na out and 2 K in per ATP to set iup the RMP gradient

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5
Q

When normally do VG channels open?

A

At threshold -50mV

-at RMP these channels are closed

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6
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Making the inside of cell more positive

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7
Q

What is hyper polarization?

A

Making the inside of the cell more negative

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8
Q

When do VG Na channels inactivate?

A

at. +35mV they close

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9
Q

What is hyper polarization due to?

A

Slow close of K VG channels

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10
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Right after AP its hard to generate another AP

  • Na channels have been reset and will be able to open in threshold is reached
  • The cell is too negative so further from threshold near K equilibrium
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11
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

When it is impossible to have AP
-Na channels are inactivated for a certain period of time, so you have to wait and the cell is to positive and close to Na equilibrium

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12
Q

What are the 4 things electrical synapses have?

A
  1. Physical Connections (gap junctions)
  2. Always excitatory
  3. Bidirectional
  4. Unregulated
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13
Q

What are the 2 things that chemical synapses have?

A
  1. Not physically connected

2. Unidirectional

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14
Q

What causes excitation in post synaptic cell?

A

When NT open Na ion channels there is a depolarization in post synaptic cell

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15
Q

What causes an inhibition in post synaptic cell?

A

If NT opens K ion channels then the cell hyper polarizes and this is inhibitory

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16
Q

What does the response of the post synaptic cell depend on?

A

The receptor not the NT

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17
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

-more depolarized

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18
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

-more hyperpolarized

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19
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Add inputs from different/multiple source on 1 neuron

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20
Q

For APs how do you determine intensity?

A

It is coded by frequency

-more frequent APs the stronger the signal

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21
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Adding frequent inputs from a single source

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22
Q

What is sensory input?

A

From PNS sensory neurons= afferent neutrons send into to brain and spinal cord to bring into into the CNS

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23
Q

What is integration?

A

CNS donee by interneurons basically decision making of Brian and spinal cord

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24
Q

What is motor output?

A

PNS motor neurons send decision out via efferent neurons

-info leaving the CNS with info to PNS (commands to body)

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25
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid integration to avoid potential injury

-normally include spinal cord and doesn’t go to the brain

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26
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Primitive reflexes like leg and bladder

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27
Q

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

Basic visual functions and special functions in breathing and digestion

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28
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Facial movements and balance

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29
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Motor function

-coordination and fine motor control

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30
Q

What is the function fo the midbrain?

A

Auditory and visual processing

Startle reflex

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31
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Emotioon and memory

-amygdala, hippocampus

32
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

THalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintains body homeostasis
Regulates hormones, pH, BP
Controls pituitary

34
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

Sensory relay system

-all sensory info comes here except smell

35
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland which secretes melatonin in absence of blue light

36
Q

What is white matter and what are the different names its called in the CNS and PNS?

A

Myelinated axons
CNS: tract
CNS spinal cord: tract/column
PNS: Nerve

37
Q

What is grey matter and what are the different names its called in the CNS and PNS?

A 
Cell bodies
CNS deep Brian: Nucleus
CNS Brian surface: Cortex
CNS spinal cord: Horn
PNS: Ganglion
38
Q

What are the different parts of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal (2 lobes)
Temporal (2 lobes)
Occipital

39
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement

Decision Making/Problem solving (executive functioning)

40
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation and taste

41
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing
Smell
Memory

42
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision (primary visual cortex)

43
Q

What are the 2 branches of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

44
Q

What does the PNS split into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

45
Q

What does the autonomic system split into?

A

SNS (fight or flight) and PSNS (rest and digest)

46
Q

What is the somatic system?

A

Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary
Ach +a always excitatory
Single neuron to effector

47
Q

What is the autonomic system?

A 
Smooth muscle and glands
Involuntary
Ach or NE
Excitatory and inhibitory 
2 Neurons to effector
48
Q

How does epinephrin work?

A

binds to same receptor as NE and have similar effects

-prolongs and enhances sympathetic effects

49
Q

What are mechanical receptors?

A

Mechanical disturbances such as stretch and pressure

50
Q

What are chemo receptors ?

A

taste and smell

chemical signal

51
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

temp detection

52
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Paint

  • technically a mechanoreceptor
  • has not sensory adaptation
53
Q

What is an electromagnetic photoreceptor?

A

Picks up on light

54
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

Minimum stimulus needed to trigger a receptor

55
Q

What is the defiance threshold?

A

how much a stimulus changes in order to notice a difference

56
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Receptor stops responding to constant stimulus

  • can be reactive if stimulus changes
  • pain receptors do not adapt
57
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Start with details and system collects the data and send it to the brain and brain processes

58
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Brain applies previous experience and generates a holistic explanation

59
Q

What are the main parts of the eye?

A

Iris: regulates pupil dilation
Lens: biconvex lens focuses light on retina
Cornea: clear outside layer
Pupil: opening in the eye
Cilliary: muscles that pull lens
Fovea: cones only
Retina: rod and cone cells where light hits
Optic Disk: blind spot, no cones or rods
Optic nerve: bundle of nerve cells to brain

60
Q

How does the light travel from retina to brain

A

Light dgoes through ganglion, bipolar, cone/rod, then backwards to send the signal

61
Q

What is a cone cell?

A

Colour detection
Responds to high levels of light
Concentrated in the fovea

62
Q

What is a rod cell?

A

No colour detection
Responds to low light intensity
In peripheries of retina

63
Q

What happens in the eye when its dark?

A

Na channels open and depolarizes

This activates the release of NTs from rod and cones

64
Q

What happens in the eye when its light?

A

Na channels close and there is no depolarization nd no NT released

65
Q

When do bipolar cells respond?

A

Off bipolar responds when light is off

-NT release and bipolar cells stimulated and depolarized which releases its own NT to activate ganglia cell to fire AP

66
Q

When do bipolar cells not respond?

A

Bipolar cell not activated with light because no NT is released from rod and cones

67
Q

What are on bipolar cells inhibited by?

A

Glutamate (from bipolar cells)

-bipolar will hyperpolarize and no AP

68
Q

What happens to bipolar cells when the light is on?

A

No NT released so it is not inhibited and can depolarize to send signal to ganglion to release AP

69
Q

What makes up the outer ear?

A

Pinna and cannal

70
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A

Typanic membrane, malleus, incus and stapes

71
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

Choclea, semicircular canals

72
Q

What Is the ET tube?

A

Connects throat to pharynx

73
Q

What is pitch?

A

high frequency

74
Q

Where are high and low frequency registered in the choclea?

A

Low moves distal end of the basilar memebrane, the furthest away from oval opening

High moves proximal, closer to the bones

75
Q

What is loudness?

A

Amplitudes of the frequency was

low amplitude= low volume
High amplitude= high volume

76
Q

What is the vestibular complex?

A

for balance an equilibrium

  • semicircular (dynamic rotaitional balance)
  • vestibular (stationary equilibrium, where you are in space)

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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