Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > Class 5 > Flashcards

Class 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wha finishes translation in the cytosol?

A

Cytosolic proteins

-membrane and nuclear proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which proteins finish translation in the rough ER?

A 
Secreted protein
Transmembran protein
Lysosomal protein
ER/golgi proteins 
-they are all enzymes that reside on the Golgi/RER but need a signal sequence to go to the RER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the signal sequence in secreted and lysosomal proteins?

A

is the first few AA at the N terminus and is removed when translation is complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the signal sequence in membrane proteins?

A

Can be anywhere, can have multiple and the sequence isn’t removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In secreted protein how is the signal sequence understood?

A

Signal sequence translated first at n terminus by signal recognition particles which bind ribosome to dock at ER
-the signal is hydrophobic and inserts into the ER membrane. Protein translated, then its cleaved and the protein is released to the Golgi in a vesicle and goes to membrane and is released via exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When something is being expelled from the cell, how can you ell what will be the inside or the outside of the exocytosed product?

A

Cytosol side before fusion will be ousting and once used it becomes the inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins (move laterally)
Carb (signal receptors and binding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does cholesterol do to plasma membrane?

A

Makes membrane more fluid at lower temperatures and and higher temps it limits lateral movement of phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to Freezing point and Vapour pressure when a solute is added?

A

They decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to BP and osmotic pressure when a solute is added?

A

they increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between molarity and molality ?

A

Molarity: mol particles/liter (M)

Molality: mol particles/ Kg (m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does solute affect freezing point?

A

Adding particles interferes with crystallization structure and decreases temperature even more to overcome interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does solute affect vapour pressure?

A

Pressure from an evaporated solvent above the liquid surface solvent. particles “hold down” solvent molecules and prevent evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does solute affect Boiling point ?

A

Temp at which solvent molecules evaporate

-need in increases temp so they evaporate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does solute affect osmotic pressure?

A

pressure needed to resist water movement by osmosis

-osmotic pressure increases to resist movement and more particles=more water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from [high] to [low] down gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water from [high] to [low]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 categories of tonicity?

A

Hyper: has more particles compared to another solution
Iso: same concentration as another solution
Hypo: has less particles compared to another solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If osmotic pressure increases what also has to increase?

A

Particle concentration increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is passive transport?

A

dont need ATP just driven by [] gradient

21
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Dont need membrane transporter
-hydrophobic, small and no charge
Ex: small lipids like steroids hormone, O2, CO2

22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecule needs transmembrane protein

23
Q

What are the 3 kinds of facilitated diffusion?

A 
Pores
Channels
Porters 
-uniporters: moves 1 across
-coporters: move 2 different molecules across 
--- symport: same way 
---antiport:opposite ways
24
Q

what is active transportation?

A

When ATP is used to go against the gradient

25
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

A

Primary: uses ATP directly

Secondary: uses ATP indirectly and relies on gradient set up by primary active transport

26
Q

What is cAMP?

A

Second messenger system because the signal cant cross the membrane

27
Q

What are G proteins used for?

A

Primary messenger signals

28
Q

In the 2nd messenger system, what is signal amplification?

A

each stage activates a lot at each next stage in the path (exponential)
-changes are fast and temporary and cause a chain rxn

29
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

Made from A and B tubin, is large and used in:

  • intracellular transport
  • Spindle
  • cilia and flagella (9+2 pairs)
30
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

made of Actin, is small and used in:

  • muscle contraction
  • cytokinesis
  • pseudo formation
31
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

Several types of protein, medium in size and used in:

-structural roles

32
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Cell to cell adhesion
Made from cadherin
Gives tissue mechanical strength

33
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Prevent paracellular movement
Found between lumen to separate environment occludent and daudins
Things have to move through the cell via transporters

34
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Allow substances to pass from cell to cell and connects cytoplasm

35
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

Normal cell activity and growth

36
Q

What happens in G0 phase?

A

Only in cells that dont divide like neurons

37
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis and replication

38
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

More cell growth and preparation for mitosis

39
Q

Which phases in the cell cycle are regulated?

A

G1, G0, S phases all have checkpoints before proceeding to the next phase

40
Q

Which phases in the cell cycle are not as heavily regulated?

A

From S to G2 phase cause the DNA is already made at that point
-G2 kinda regulated at the end to check for last minute errors in DNA

41
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Have same genes in the same order but different alleles

42
Q

What is the ploidy in G1 and G2?

A

G1 2n1x, no sistre chromatids, identical

G2 2n2x, diploid with sister chromatids

43
Q

What is the end product of mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells identical to each other and parent

44
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Cancer?

A
  1. Go through cell cycle rapidly and out of control
  2. Start from a single cell mutation
  3. Mutations in DNA
  4. Spread to another tissue (metastasize)
45
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

mutated versions of protooncogenes

-turns cell cycle permanently on

46
Q

what are protooncogenes?

A

normally present in cell that code for protein that regulates the cell cycle
-its turned on as needed, otherwise it is inactive (fetal development and cuts)

47
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Stop cell cycle and monitors genes of cells in cell cycle

-if DNA is dangerous it start repair but if its too much damage beyond repair it starts apoptosis

48
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Regulated cell death carried out by caspases (protease that cleaves protein)

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions