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MCAT Biology > Class 4 > Flashcards

Class 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A

Obligate intracellular parasite
Not living
Cant make energy, rely on host
Made of Protein and nucleic acid

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2
Q

What kind of DNA do viruses have?

A

Linear, circular. more than 1 reading frame, SS or DS

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3
Q

What are the steps for the bacteriophage too enter the cell

A

Absorption/Attachement

Infection/Penetration

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4
Q

What happens in the Absorption phase?

A

Bacteriophage binds all proteins on outside, (proteins serve other functions than to get infected)
Attachment is specific to cell type
-at this point the virus is infectious but the cell is not infected

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5
Q

What happens in the infection stage?

A

Inject genome into host cell
Cell has peptidoglycan wall so bacteriophage cant go into cell
-at this point the cell is now infected, and the virus is not infectious

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6
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A

Makes a lot of viral copies quickly but cell host dies
host machinery translates and transcribes viral genome
Early genes are hydrolase capasid protein

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7
Q

What is hydrolase?

A

destroys host cell genome

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8
Q

what is the late gene?

A

Lysozyme which puts hole sin bacterial cell wall and the osmotic gradient will cause water to flow into the cell causing it to burst

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9
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

Incorporates the genome and then it waits

  • integrates viral genome with host (prophase/provirus) and then cell Is called a lysogen
  • Has a repressor protein preventing transcription and translation and host carries on with normal activities and reproduces via mitosis making more copies
  • repressor protein must be removed to enter the lysogenic cycle (stress)
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10
Q

What is transduction?

A

Some of host DNA taken out int he lytic process of the lysogenic cycle
-this provides genetic diversity for bacteria (doesn’t always happen-doest immediately kill the host cell

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11
Q

What is the productive cycle?

A

Virus doesn’t need to lyse the cell (only animal cells)

  • like the lytic cycle but no lysis
  • it gets coated int he cell membrane=envelop
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12
Q

What are the advantages of the productive cycle?

A

Get a lot more virus immediately
They all exit quickly without killing host
Envelope provides immune protection if surrounded by cell membrane
Allows for infection, the virus taken up whole (endocytosis)

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13
Q

RNA viruses need?

A

Extra enzymes either encodes for that or in capsid

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14
Q

What does a + RNA virus need?

A

Acts as mRNA and can be directly translated using host ribosome

  • needs RNA dependent (reads) RNA polymerase (makes) for transcription so the virus has to code or carry it in its genome
  • enzyme is encoded in the virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase
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15
Q

What happens when + is replicated?

A

it’s - but then it needs to do it again to make it positive

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16
Q

What does and - virus need?

A
  • RNA genome of virus is complimentary to mRNA
  • transcription has to happen first to get to + with RNA dependent RNA polymerase
  • virus has to carry the enzyme in basic and also codes for RNA dependent RNA polymerase so the new ones have the enzyme
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17
Q

What its another name for a retro virus?

A

+ RNA lysogenic virus

  • genome is mRNA and will be incorporated into hose DNA genome. So virus genes need to become DS DNA
  • +–> ssDNA by RNA dependent DNA polymerase then ssDNA–> DSDNA and inserted into the host genome
  • at this point can translate and transcribe with host genome
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18
Q

What are the problems with the virus?

A
  1. Permentantly in genome

2. Rapid mutation. when tRNA> ssDNA

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19
Q

What is a prion?

A

Infectious proteins and misfolded version of normal proteins (small)
-they can self replicate and very stable (they are hard ti kill)

20
Q

What are normal prions?

A

Normally folded proteins

21
Q

What are mutant prions?

A

When misfiled they are mutagenic

22
Q

How are prions transferred ?

A

Eat infected tissue
Inherit mutation
Spontaneous mutation in prion gene

23
Q

How does a prion turn into a bad one?

A

Bad ones bring good ones to them and make them change conformation to become bad ones

24
Q

What is a viroid?

A 
Circle RNA
No capsid 
Coinfection (carried in a capsid of another virus)
Dont code proteins
Block translation
25
Q

What are the shapes that bacteria can come in?

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Spirellium

26
Q

What are the kinds of flagella can bacteria have?

A

Amphitrichous
Monotrichous
Peritrachous

27
Q

How do flagpoles work?

A

Anchor hook and filament all work together via chemotaxis towards or away a chemical

28
Q

What do bacterial cell wall has?

A

peptidoglycan

29
Q

What is the difference between gram + and -

A

Gram +: purple and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram -: Pink, think peptidoglycan, 2 membranes

30
Q

Which is type of bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Gram - because the antibiotics get caught in the 2 membranes

31
Q

What are the different kinds of bacterial that live in different temps?

A

Mesophiles: moderate temp
Thermophiles: hot temps
Psychrophiles: low temps

32
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

If O2 is present then they use it

If O2 is absent they die

33
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

If O2 is present then they use it

If O2 is absent they ferment and survive

34
Q

What are tolerant anaerobes ?

A

If O2 is present then they won’t use it and won’t kill them

If O2 is absent they ferment and survive

35
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

If O2 is present then they die

If O2 is absent they ferment and survive

36
Q

What is a photo autotroph ?

A

most plants

37
Q

What is a photoheterotroph?

A

photosynthesis and eat animals

38
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

No photosynthesis

C from CO2

39
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

Animals

40
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

can’t do something

  • for AA cant make
  • for Sugars cant metabolize
41
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual division no genetic diversity

42
Q

What is a conjugation bridge?

A

Copies of plasmid are sent to F- but when It has plasmid it converts to +F and male
-not used for reproduction just exchange of DNA, and won’t change population size

43
Q

What is the F plasmid?

A

needed to start conjugation but other plasmids can be sent

44
Q

What is high frequency recombination bacteria?

A

When F plasmid encoded in genome
-is important for genetic diversity. Takes out the F plasmid from genome and some original DNA to be sent to the other cell

45
Q

What are the methods of genetic exchange for bacteria?

A
  1. Conjugation: DNA between bacteria with bridge
  2. Transduction: Virus infects DNA from old host cell to new host cell (excision)
  3. Transformation: Takin DNA directly from environment (usually from lysed bacteria)

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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