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MCAT Biology > Class 6 > Flashcards

Class 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many rounds of division takes place during meiosis and what happens?

A

2 rounds

1: 1n2x homologous pairs are separated and haploid
2: 1n1x sister chromatids are separated and haploid

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2
Q

What is n and x in G1, G2 and S?

A

G1: 2n1x (homologous pair)
S: same as G1
G2: 2n2x (sister chromatids)

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3
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A 
longest phase of meiosis
-synapsis when homologous pairs up and recombination happens to exchange DNA
-Spindle formatin
-Condense DNA
Nuclear envelop disappears
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4
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

Chromosome tetrads align in the centre randomly

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5
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

Homologous pair and sister chromatids

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6
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosome separated (becomes haploid)

Cytokinesis

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7
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A 
Reform nuclear envelope 
Un-condense DNA
Break down of spindle
Finish cytokinesis
-haploid 1n2x
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8
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

Separating sister chromatids
Same as prophase I
No crossing of info

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9
Q

What happens in metaphase II?

A

Separating sister chromatids

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10
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

Same as anaphase I

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11
Q

What happens in telophase II?

A

Becomes 1n1x

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12
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells that are all difference from each other and parents

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13
Q

What is a nondisjunction?

A

Failure to properly separate DNA during gamete formation

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14
Q

What are the 2 phases that a nondisjunction can occur?

A

Anaphase I: All 4 daughter cells will be abnormal gametes

Anaphase II: 2 daughter cells will be abnormal gametes

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

Piece of DNA that codes for some produce (includes all regulatory regions)

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16
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

17
Q

What is a trait?

A

Physical characteristics resulting from genes

18
Q

What is polymorphic?

A

Traits that come in several variations and don’t addict ability to survive

19
Q

What is polygenic?

A

A trait determined by several genes and is important for survival

20
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

hetero offspring from homo parents have a blended phenotype

21
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles are expressed at the same time and independently

22
Q

What is the universal donor and acceptor of blood?

A

donor: O-
Acceptor: AB+

23
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When 1 gene is dominant to another gene

24
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross between an unknown dominant and homorecessive

25
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Alleles are separated during gamete formation

-anaphase I and II

26
Q

What is the law of independent assortment ?

A

How one pair separates is independent of how other pairs separated

27
Q

What will F1 be when you have the same homo and homo?

A

F1= 100% parental genotype and phenotype

28
Q

What will F1 be when you have the homo dominant and homo recessive?

A

100% hetero genotype

100% dominant

29
Q

What will F1 be when you have the Hetero and homo dominant/recessive?

A

50% hetero and 50% homo parent

50% dominant 50% homo parent

30
Q

What will F1 be when you have the Hetero and hetero?

A

25%DD 50% Dd 25%dd (1:2:1)

75% dominant 25% recessive (3:1)

31
Q

What is the rule of multiplication?

A

Probability of (A+B)= AxB

32
Q

What is the rule of addition?

A

Probability of (A or B)= A+B - (A+B)

33
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes found close together on the same chromosome.

-closer they are the greater the chance they won’t sort independently

34
Q

What is the recombination frequency?

A

of recombinants/ # of total offspring x 100%

  • lower the number the closer the are together
  • higher the number the further they are apart (more recombination
35
Q

According to Hardy weinburg what dont alleles do in a population ?

A

Alleles do not change frequency within a population

-assume classical dominance

36
Q

What are the considerations of Hardy weinburg ?

A
  1. Random mating
  2. No migration
  3. No mutation
  4. No natural selection
  5. Larger population (less genetic drift)
37
Q

How long does it take, after a disturbance, to reestablish equilibrium?

A

1 generation

38
Q

how do you calculate allele frequency?

A

p (dom) + q(rec)= 1

39
Q

How do you determine genotype frequency?

A

pp+ 2pq+ qq= 1

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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