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MCAT Biology > Class 8 > Flashcards

Class 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream

No ducts required

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2
Q

What are the exocrine glands?

A

Sweat, tears, saliva, oil, digestive ,enzymes, mucus, semen, breastmilk

  • Secreted into body cavity
  • they need ducts because they dont go into the blood stream
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3
Q

What is the location of receptor, mechanism, speed, longevity and made from for peptide hormones?

A 
Made from: AA hydrophilic
Location of receptor: Cell surface
Mechanism: 2nd messenger system 
Speed: Fast
Longevity of effects: Temporary (sec-min)
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4
Q

What is the location of receptor, mechanism, speed, longevity and made from for steroid hormones?

A 
Made from: Cholesterol
Location of receptor: Inside Cell
Mechanism: Binds DNA, Modify transcription
Speed: Slow 
Longevity of effects: Longer
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5
Q

What is other hormones made from cholesterol?

A 
Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen
Aldosterone
TH (looks like peptide but acts like steroid)
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6
Q

What are the 3 ways hormones are released ?

A

Neural
Hormonal
Humoral

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7
Q

What is neural control of hormone release?

A

AP triggers release of neurohormone

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8
Q

What is. hormonal control of hormone release?

A

Another hormone controls release (trophic hormones)

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9
Q

What is humeral control of hormone release?

A

Something in the blood that isn’t a hormone that triggers the release of a hormone

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10
Q

What does. the anterior pituitary make and secrete?

A

FLAT PiG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PROLACTIN GH
-trophic
-release if under hormonal control

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11
Q

What does the posterior pituitary make and secrete?

A

Stores and secretes. ADH and oxytocin

  • made of nervous tissue
  • release into blood is under neural control of hypothalamus
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12
Q

What is an artery?

A

Carry blood away from heart

-BP increases, moves by pressure gradient, have muscular wall, they are elastic

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13
Q

What is a vein?

A

Returns blood to the heart

-BP decreases, moves by anything that squishes vessels and valves, little muscular wall, not elastic

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14
Q

What kind of pressure is in the capillaries?

A

High hydrostatic pressure, draining fluid out of the capillaries causes osmotic fluid flows into capillaries

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15
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Collects the loss fluid from the interstitum and sends it back. in too the Venus return (vena cava)
-is an open system

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16
Q

What are the Lymphnodes?

A

Can detect infection. Have increase [white blood cell] blood filtered here

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17
Q

What does LAB RAT mean?

A

Left atrial bicuspid

Right atrial tricuspid

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18
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

In aorta off pulmonary

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19
Q

What is systole and. diastole?

A

Systole heart contracts

Diastole heart relaxes

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20
Q

What does the first Lub and 2nd dub correlate too?

A

1st: Close AV valves and systole begins
2nd: Closed SL valves and begin diastole

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21
Q

How do you increase systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic can increase with nervous and exercise

Diastolic can increase when vascular stenosis (narrowing of blood vessels)

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22
Q

What is BP proportional to?

A

Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance

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23
Q

What is the equation for CO?

A

SV x Heart Rate

24
Q

How does HR change?

A

Changes with flight or fight, stress exercise, PSNS, sleeping, meds

25
Q

What is SV?

A

More blood returning to heart, muscle contracts more forcefully pumping more blood out of heart can be changed by blood volume, dehydration, changing Venus return, change posture

26
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

How hard it is to push blood through vessels, determined by diameter of vessels

  • if constricted, decreases flow, and increases resistance and BP
  • if dilated flow increases, resistance and BP decreases
27
Q

What is the RMP of heart cells?

A

-90mV

28
Q

How does an AP happen in the heart?

A

Cells depolarizes to threshold very quick because jap junctions. The VG Na channels open to further depolarize to +35mV. The VG Na close and slow VG K open which repolarizes a little. Then VG Ca open to help depolarize and put plateaus. Then the VG Ca close, K still opens and it repolarizes back to -90mV

29
Q

What does the plateau mean for the heart APs?

A

Plateau increases time before you can send another AP

-refractory period

30
Q

What kind of APs do skeletal muscle?

A

Frequent APs will lead to sustained muscle counteraction (tetanic, contraction)

31
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Tetany is not wanted here, plateau prevents this because of the long absolute refractory period period in cardiac muscle cells AP we cannot increase frequency of APs high enough too drive cells into titanic contractions

32
Q

What are autorythmic cells?

A

Triggers its own AP and spread through gap junctions.

  • Has unstable RMP due not need leak channels and this point threshold opens
  • Then VG Ca channels open and causes depolarization of AR
  • It repolarizes cause by Ca closing and K channels open
33
Q

What is the SA node?

A

Connects to atrial muscle (pacemaker has very leaky Na Channels)

34
Q

What are Purkinje Fibers ?

A

Connects to ventricle muscle

35
Q

What is the hearts intrinsic rate?

A

100 bpm

-and slowed by PSNS Vegas nerve

36
Q

What is the AV node?

A

AP delayed then sent to the purkinje fibres

37
Q

How does AV node work?

A

Atrial muscle cells and ventricular cells are not electrically connected

AV delays to allow A+V to contract separately

Impulse travels to bottom of hearts then enter muscle allowing contraction from bottom up

38
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Plasma 54%: electrolytes, glucose, hormones, H2O
Hematocrit 45%: RBC
Leukocyte 1%: White blood cells and platelets

39
Q

What is easier to dissolve in blood, hydrophobic or philic?

A

Hydrophilic if it is small enough

40
Q

How much O2 is sdisolved in plasma?

A

3%

-rest bound to Hb

41
Q

When there is high and low O2 what’s its affinity to Hb?

A

Decreased affinity when O2 is low

Increased affinity for Hb when O2 is high

42
Q

What are the ways CO2 is dissolved in the body?

A

7% Plasma
20% Hb
73% converted too bicarb

43
Q

When CO2 decreases in the lungs what way does the graph shift?

A

Shifts left

44
Q

When CO2 decreases in other tissues what way does the graph shift?

A

Shift right

45
Q

What are the 3 nonspecific body defences?

A
  1. Barriers: Non specific, skin, mucus, eyelashes, hair and earwax
  2. Chemicals: Complement system, HCl in stomach, mucus and earwax, lysozyme in tears saliva, histamine
  3. Cells: Natural killer cells, macrophage, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells
46
Q

What are. antigens?

A

Antigen: doorgein protein that triggers immune response

47
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Specific marker for antigen

48
Q

What are Pathogens?

A

Any organism that causes disease

49
Q

What are B cells?

A

They work on humoral immunity (blood).
Target infectious agent in blood stream not yet inside the cells
Produce and secrete antibodies into blood.
Have antigen receptors to activate B cell to pump out antibodies
They clone into thousands of B cells to increase. antibody production and the antibodies mark them for destruction

50
Q

What are killer T cells and what do they do?

A

CD8+
They kill your own cells that have become abnormal
-look for MHC1 antigen (on all cells) and allows cells to display all contents on cell surface
-When T cells see something abnormal on MHC1 it will kill it and break it down before it divides again

51
Q

What are helper T cells and what do they do?

A

CD4+
Secrete cytokines that allow B cells and killer ts to proliferate
-they look for antigen on MHC2 (lonely on macrophages and B cells)
-this allows it to display little portions of. fragments on cell surface to help T cells

52
Q

How do killer t and help. t becomes active?

A

Killer needs antigen and self receptor

Helper needs self receptor

53
Q

What happens when you are exposed to an antigen for the first time?

A

Takes 7-10 days to develop antibodies

  • antibodies T cells and memory cells are made
  • symptoms may develop
54
Q

What is the purpose of memory cells?

A

hang out in bone marrow incase the same antigen comes back

55
Q

What happens when you are exposed to an antigen for a second time?

A

Takes less than 1 day

  • noo symptoms develop
  • Even more memory, T cells and antibodies are made
56
Q

Where are self recognizable B cells?

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

Where are self recognizable T cells?

A

Thymus gland

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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