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NURS 4550 > Class 7 - Health care economics > Flashcards

Class 7 - Health care economics Flashcards

1
Q

Define health care economics

A

the study of supply and demand of resources and it’s affect on the allocation of healthcare resources in an economic system

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2
Q

What are the concept categories within health care economics

A
  • availability of resources
  • health care financing
  • utilization of resources
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3
Q

poor resource access can result in what?

A

disparities

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4
Q

significant differences (disparities) are seen among populations based on:

A
  • race and ethnicity
  • socioeconomic status
  • geographic regions
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5
Q

What resources are included for the delivery of high-quality services

A
  • people, time, and talent
  • land, buildings, and equipment
  • knowledge of how to combine these resources
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6
Q

What is utilization of resources

A
  • the concern with efficiency and distribution
  • link to access
  • is greatest among individuals with multimorbid chronic conditions
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7
Q

What are the attributes of health care economics

A
  • cost effectiveness
  • efficiency
  • value
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8
Q

Health care economics attributes, cost effectiveness

A
  • efficient and equitable decisions are made about the allocation of resources
  • A combination of the seller’s production costs plus an additional increment that represents the seller’s profit
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9
Q

Health care economics attributes, efficiency

A
  • determined by how resources are used
  • can be thought of as avoiding waste (including waste of equipment, supplies, and people) or as using healthcare resources to get the best value for the money
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10
Q

Health care economics attributes, value

A
  • health outcomes achieved per dollar spent
  • remains largely unmeasured and misunderstood
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11
Q

HCE attributes, relations

A

↑ value + not cost efficient = ↓ efficiency = less sustainable

↑ value + cost efficient = ↑ efficiency

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12
Q

Why should nurses care about health care economics

A
  • Nurses often learn issues that directly affect their patients and discharge (insufficient resources to pay out-of-pocket costs or to purchase medications)
  • constant concern for cheating efficiencies in practice, reducing unnecessary waste, and working together to reduce the costs of care
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13
Q

Where does money come from to pay for health care in Canada

A

tax and equalization payments

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14
Q

Evolution of healthcare system, pre WWII

A
  • privately delivered and funded
  • hospital were avoided
  • government involved in sanitation and quarantine (infectious disease)
  • physicians had high social and financial standing
  • Great Depression: unemployment rate 30%
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15
Q

Evolution of healthcare system, post WWII

A
  • 1947, Sask did province wide universal hospital care plan
  • 1957, Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act involved diagnostic and hospital services (50/50 cost sharing model)
  • 1961, all 10 provinces participates in Hospital Insurance Diagnostic Plan Act
  • 1962, Sask Medical Insurance Act - universal, provincial insurance plan to all Sask residents
  • Sask docs strike, 23 days
  • 1966 Federal government passes Medical Care Act - feds pay 1/2 province costs
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16
Q

Who is considered father of Canadian medicare

A

Tommy Douglas

17
Q

Where does money come from for health care?

A
  • federal government to provinces
  • Canada health act
  • MB (provincial) budget
  • private insurance
18
Q

Federal government to provinces

A
  • equalization payments: fed transfer ‘equal’ amount to each province
  • Canada social transfer (welfare): all province get it - must be spent on HC/ed & comply w/ CHA
  • Canada health transfer: Canada health act
19
Q

What are the five principles of the Canada Health Act

A
  • public administration: public get a ‘watch dog’
  • comprehensive: all health services (physician services, hospital care, medically required dental procedure)
  • universality: all insured (citizen + PR)
  • portability: service is covered if traveling
  • accessibility
20
Q

What are the highest spending in MB provincial budget

A

health and education

21
Q

What can be done if health spending continues to increase

A
  • move funds from one part of budget to another
  • reduce health spending
  • raise taxes :(
22
Q

How many Canadians have some form of private health insurance

A

65%

23
Q

How many Canadians have a third-party insurance plan/private pay situation

A

30%

24
Q

What is considered ‘extra service cost’ in MB? What is paid out of pocket

A
  • eye glasses/exams
  • dental (if >3)
  • drugs
  • physio, OT, massage therapy
  • psychologist, counsellor
25
Q

Provide examples of which aspects of health care are NOT covered by govy

A
  • nutrition
  • mental health
  • aging population
  • co-morbidities
26
Q

What are the types of resource distribution with health care services

A
  • basic framework of services
  • service classification
27
Q

what are the types of services within Basic Frameworks of Services

A
  • primary health care services: docs + nurses
  • secondary health services: referred to specialist, long-term care, community
  • additional health care services: drugs, IVF, vision, dental, therapy, insurance
28
Q

What are the types of services with Service Classification

A
  • public health services/prevention services: promote health, prevent disease, control infect. disease (vaccine, ambulaotry care)
  • community care services
  • hospital services
29
Q

What examples of resources distribution is currently present in MB

A
  • Regional Health Authority (5 total)
  • Cancer Care
  • Addictions Foundations
  • Diagnostic services
  • Cadham Lab
  • Selkirk Mental Health Centre
30
Q

Provide example os cost conscious nursing practice

A
  • meeting patient needs rather than provider needs
  • knowing and controlling costs
  • evaluating cost effectiveness of new tech
  • predicting and using nursing resources efficiently
  • using research to evaluate standard nursing practices
  • leaders and nurse managers ideally, would staff to avoid OT
  • reduce waste
  • EIP = better outcomes
31
Q

What is the link between health care economics and nursing leadership

A

nurses are a major workforce within healthcare organizations and fulfill multiple roles

32
Q

What 3 aspects make up healthcare costs

A

costs = price x utilization
Costs: a function of the prices in the utilization rates of healthcare services
- Price: the rate that health care providers set for the services they deliver, such as hospital rate or physician fee as well as the unit prices of medication and supplies
- Utilization: quantity or volume of services provided, such as the number of diagnostic tests provided or the number of patient visits

33
Q

What causes health care costs to rise

A
  • price inflation in meds and supplies
  • growing labour costs
  • Lack of appropriateness or effectiveness of some type of care
  • consumer beliefs and attitudes
  • healthcare financing
  • pharmaceutical usage
  • changing population demographics and disease patterns
34
Q

What are the top reasons for hospital admins, according to CIHI (2018)

A
  • child birth (most common)
  • bronchitis
  • acute MI
  • pneumonia
  • HF
  • osteoarthritis
  • mood disorders
35
Q

Define health care disparities

A

the differences or gaps in care experienced by one population compared with another

36
Q

What does the cycle of disparities look like

A
  • access to care
  • provider bias
  • poor communication
  • poor health literacy
  • other factors
37
Q

Example of groups at risk of disparities

A

r/t SDoH - poor structural SDoH = increase risk
- minority groups
- rural residents
- women and children
- people with disabilities

NURS 4550 (13 decks)

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