Class 3 - change Flashcards
Define Change, according to Hoffart
transition process from an old state to a new state or to give a different position, course or direction
How is ‘change’ linked to leadership
- essential criteria for leadership
- leaders guide the change process
- leaders can inspire group towards change
what are characteristics of change?
from an old state to a new state
- natural social process
- involves individuals, groups, organizations, and society
- constant and accelerates at various rates
- inevitable and unpredictable
- complexity varies from high to low
what are two types of change theories?
- linear (planned) change
- non-linear (complex) change
What are the linear change models?
- Lewin, Force field model of change (3 steps)
- Lippitt et al, Watson, and Westley (7 steps)
- Havelock
- Kotter (8 steps)
Lewin Model description
- behaviour in an organization is a balance between two forces
- driving forces facilitate change (ex. incentives)
- restraining forces impede change
Lewin, what are the 3 steps of the change process
unfreeze, change, refreeze
Lewin 3 Step, break down
- unfreeze: aware of need for change, increase facilitators & decrease barriers
- change: implement new way, period of uncertainty
- refreeze: new way is adopted (the new normal)
Lewin, unfreeze step
- Where you have to communicate why this change is necessary
- Ensure everyone who will be affected by the change knows
- Make sure to deal with people’s doubts and concerns
Lewin, change step
- Where people get use to the idea that things will be different
- Keep communicating how the change will benefit the people involved so they continue to support it
- The change itself doesn’t happen overnight, so give people time to adjust
Lewin, refreeze step
- The change is set in place and becomes part of your organization’s culture
- Make sure people of the training an support they need to stay on the right track
- Regularly check that the change has happened, and that people are using the new processes that you’ve implemented
Lewin Model, what are ‘facilitators’ of change
- opinion leaders endorse the change
- change improves work life
Lew Model, what are ‘barriers’ of change
- lack of resources
- change makes work more difficult
Lippitt et al Model, what does it emphasize?
communication & problem solving
How is Lippitt et al related to Lewin’s model?
- unfreeze: phase 1-2
- change: phase 3-5
- refreeze: 6-7
what are the 7 phases of the Lippitt et al model
- 1, diagnose the problem
- 2, assess motivation & capacity for change
- 3, diagnosing the client’s system’s problem
- 4, establishing alternative routes
- 5, transforming intentions into actual efforts
- 6, stabilising change
- 7, terminal relationship
How is Havelock’s model related to Lewin’s model
It represents an expanded version of the Lewin model
Havelock’s Model, what does it emphasize?
relationship building
What are the 6 phases of Havelock’s model
- 1, building a relationship
- 2, diagnosing the problem
- 3, acquire resources for change
- 4, selecting a pathway for the solution
- 5, establish and accept change
- 6, maintenance and separation
Describe the use of Kotter’s Model
- create a sense of urgency
- form a coalition of informal leaders
- communicate the vision
- empower others to act on the vision
- celebrate accomplishments
- incorporate the change into the culture
What are the theories of for non-linear change?
- chaos theory
- Senge, learning organization theory
What is the idea behind the Chaos theory
small change in one area can cause a large, unexpected change elsewhere
What is needed in Organizations within the Chaos theory?
Large organizations are never stable. they need:
- effective leadership
- a guiding vision
- strong organizational beliefs
- open communication
What is the idea behind the Learning Organization theory
organizations & their employees that constantly learn from everything they do
Learning Organization theory, What are the 5 components that support innovation
- systems thinking
- personal mastery
- mental models
- shared vision
- team learning
Change strategies, what is rational-empirical?
- assumes resistance is due to a lack of knowledge
- see data, stats, and research to encourage change
- science + evidence (proof + validate)
Change strategies, what is normative-re-educative?
using peer pressure and group norms to influence change
Change strategies, what is power-coercive?
uses legitimate authority, economic sanctions, political clout, like it or leave
Relation to resistance to change
considered natural and expected
Individual’s resistance typically depends on what?
- flexibility to change
- evaluation of immediate situation
- anticipated consequences of the change
- what they have to lose/again
Why is it important to assess change readiness? why does it matter?
- you will encounter change as a employee
- you will have to lead change at some point
- recognize traits in others (adapt strategy)
what are the different responses to change, in Rogers?
- Innovators
- Early adaptors
- Early majority
- Late majority
- Laggards
- Rejectors
What are the step processes for the Rogers theory
- knowledge
- persuasion
- decision
- implementation
- confirmation
Rogers, response to change, innovators
- love change
- thrive on change, which may be disruptive to the unit stability
Rogers, response to change, early adopter
- less radical
- receptive to change
- are respected by their peers and thus are sought out for advice and information about innovations and changes
Rogers, response to change, early majority
refers to status quo, but eventually accepts change
Rogers, response to change, late majority
openly negative/resistive and agree to the change only after most others have accepted the change
Rogers, response to change, laggards
- dislike change
- prefer keeping traditions and openly express their resistance to new ideas
Rogers, response to change, rejector
- reject change actively
- even use sabotage, which can interfere with the overall success of a change process
What does Rogers adoption/innovation curve look like?
- Innovators - 2.5%
- early adopters - 13.5%
- early majority - 34%
- late majority - 34%
- laggards 16%
Define change management
the process, tools and techniques to manage the people side of change to achieve a required outcome
define change agent
someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization
What are characteristics of effective change agents
- leadership & communication skills
- observation skills
- know how groups work
- understand political issues
- trustworthy
- establish positive relationships
- understand the change process
- appropriate timing and flexibility
- regular updates: repeat key words, meetings and timelines
What are the responsibilities of leaders within the context of change?
- use change theory
- support staff during times of difficult transitions
- recognize your own reaction to change
- adapt leadership style to situational needs
What are tips in leading changes?
- create a group of outcome/goal scenarios
- assume the role of continuous learner
- create a detailed plan and adhere to it
- build flexibility and ambiguity into the plan
What are ways to be an effective participant in change, according to Ellis & Hartley
- actively participate and offer suggestions
- express concerns
- be patient with setbacks and seek support
- establish positive relationships
Define change fatigue
occurs when key leaders and staff get tired of new initiative and the way they are implemented
