Class 7 Flashcards
Muscles function in ______, _______production, ________ and control of _________.
movement, heat, stability, openings.
Muscles help move from ____ to _____, movement of _____ ____ and _____ contents in ________, ______, _____ and _________, defecation, _________ and __________. They also play a role in ______, namely _____, _____ and non-verbal ________.
place to place, body parts, body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding, digestion, urination, childbirth. communication, speech, writing, communications.
The Heat is produced by ______ _______. ________ muscles produce as much as _____ percent of our body heat.
skeletal muscles. skeletal muscles 85%
Muscles function in stability and maintain ______ by preventing _______ movements. _______ muscles resist the pull of _____ and prevent us from falling over or slumping. They also _____ joints.
posture, unwanted. antigravity, gravity, stabilize.
The muscles that control openings and passageways are called _______ and they are composed of muscular ______ that control the movement of ____, ____, ____ and other _____.
sphincters, rings, food, bile, blood, materials.
The Mneumonic for the characteristics of muscles is ______ and it stands for ______, ______, _____, _____, _______ and _______.
CREEC, conductivity, responsiveness (excitibility), extensibility, elasticity, contractility
Conductivity is where _____ ____ change triggers a wave of _____ that travels along the muscle fiber.
local electrical, excitation.
Responsiveness (_______) deals with responsiveness to _____ signals, stretch and _____ changes across the ______ _______.
excitibility, chemical, electrical, plasma membrane.
________ means the muscle is capable of being stretched between _______.
extensibility, contractions.
______ returns the muscle to its original resting length after being stretched.
elasticity.
______ is when the muscle shortens when ______
contractility, stimulated.
There are three types of muscle: ______ (________) which are voluntary, ______ (______ _____) which are involuntary, and _____ (in the _____ and ____ _____) and they are also _________.
skeletal (aka striated), cardiac (heart muscle), smooth (in viscera and blood vessels)
Skeletal muscle is _______ and is a ______ muscle that is attached to one or more _____.
voluntary, striated, bone.
_______ alternate in _____ and ____ in _____ bands and this results from overlapping of internal _____ ______.
striations, light and dark, transverse, contractile proteins.
Skeletal muscles are _____ and usually subject to _____ control.
voluntary, conscious.
A muscle cell is also known as a muscle ____ or a _______ and is as long as ___.
fiber, myofiber, 30cm.
Tendons connect _____ to _______
muscle to bone.
The _________ is the ______ tissue around muscle cells.
endomysium, connective.
The ________ is the ______ tissue around muscle ______.
perimysium, connective, fascicles.
The epimysium is the _______ ______ surrounding ________ _____.
connective tissue, entire muscle.
The _____ is continuous with _____ fibers and ___ and in turn, with _____ tissue and bone ____.
epimysium, collagen, tendons, connective, matrix.
Collagen is somewhat ______ and _____. It _____ lightly under tension, and _____ when released. It resists excessive ______ and protects muscle from ___. It returns the muscle to its ______ length and contributes to ______ output and muscle _____.
extensible and elastic. stretches, recoils. stretching, injury, resting, power, efficiency.
_______ bridge the gap between______ ends and _____ attachment.
tendons, muscle.
The ______ fibers of the _____, ______ and _______ continue to the tendon and from there enter into the ________ and the _____ _____.
collagen, endo, peri, epimysium, periosteum and bone matrix.
Tendon fibers are ________: they do not ______.
inelastic, stretch.
Examples of tendons are the ______ _____ and the ______ _____.
Biceps Brachii, Achilles tendon.
The ________ tendon is a _____ flat _____, and an example of one is the ______.
Aponeurosis, broad, sheet, palmar.
The ________ is connective tissue band that tendons from ______muscles _____ under.
retinaculum, separate, pass.
_______ connect bone to bone, have _____ fibers and unlike ______ can stretch.
ligaments, elastic, tendons.
The _____ is bony attachment at the ______ end of a muscle.
origin, stationary.
The _______ is _____, in the middle region of the muscle between the ____ and the ______.
belly, thicker, origin, insertion.
The _____ is the effect produced by a muscle, to produce or prevent _______.
action, movement.
The _____ ____, or _______ is the muscle that produces most of the ______ during a joint action.
prime mover, agonist, force.
The _____ is the muscle that ____ the _____ mover.
synergist, aids, prime
The ________ opposes the ______ mover. It ______ to give the _____ mover control over an _____. It prevents excessive movement or _____. There are ______ pairs that are muscles acting on ______ sides of a ______.
antagonist, prime.relaxes, prime, action. injury. antagonist, opposite, joint.
A fixator is a muscle that _____ movement of a _____.
prevents, bone.
In the muscle actions across the elbow, the ______ is the prime mover, the ______ is the synergist, the ______ ___ is the antagonist, and the fixator, or muscles that holds the _____ firmly into place are the ______.
brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, scapula, rhomboids.
The muscle _____ equals the muscle _____.
fiber, cell.
The _______ is the _____ membrane of a muscle fiber.
sarcolemma, plasma.
The _______ is the _______ of a muscle fiber.
sarcoplasm, cytoplasm.
______ are long ______ bundles that occupy the main portion of the muscle fiber. The repair by ____ rather than ______ of functional muscle.
myofibrils, protein. fibrosis, regeneration.
________ are packed in spaces between the myofibrils.
mitochondria.
_____ are the powerhouses of the cells producing ______ needed for muscle _______.
mitochondria, ATP, contractions.
Skeletal muscle fibers are ________. _____ in these nuceli direct the production of _____ and structural _______ required for normal muscle contraction.
multinucleated. genes, enzymes, proteins.
Skeletal muscle fibers utilize large amounts of _____ and are therefore a rich ____ ____ carrying ____ is needed in their function.
ATP, blood supply, oxygen. WOWOWOWOW
Thick myofilaments are called ______ and are made of several hundred _____ molecules. They are shpaed like a ______ ____ and the heads are directed outward in a ______ array around the bundle.
myosin, myosin. golf club, helical.
Thin myofilaments are called ______ and they are composed of two ____(__) _____ strands. Each has a subunit called ______(__) ____ with an active site that can bind to the head of the _____ molecule.
actin, fibrous (F), intertwined. globular (G), myosin.
____ molecules are small ____-____ proteins on each ______ molecule.
troponin, calcium-binding, tropomyosin.
______ and _____ are contractile ______ which means they do the work.
myosin, actin, proteins.
_____ and ______ are regulatory ____ , which are like _____ that determine when the fiber can ____ and when it cannot. That _____ is activated by the release of ____ into the _____ and its binding to ____.
tropomyosin, troponin, proteins, contract. contraction, calcium, sarcoplasm, troponin.
______ and ______ are proteins that occur in all cells and they function in cellular ______, ______ and transport of ________ material.
myosin, actin, motility, mitosis, intracellular.
______ and _____ are organized in a precise way in ______ and ______ muscle.
myosin, actin, skeletal, cardiac.
___ band or ____ stands for ______. It is the part of ___ band where the thick and thin filaments overlap, and is therefore darker. The ____ band in the middle of the ____ band is just thick filaments. The ___ line is in the middle of the __ band. The alternating lighter band is called the __ band and it stands for ____, the way the bands reflected polarized light. These all form what are called _______
A, dark, anisotropic. A. H, A. M, H. I, isotropic. Striations.
The ____ disc provides anchorage for thin filaments and ___ filaments and it _____ the I band.
Z, elastic, bisects.
The ______ is the segment of the myofibril from one ___ disc to the next.
sarcomere, z.
The _____ is the _____ contractile unit of the muscle fiber: the muscle _____ because the individual ______ shorten and pull the ____ discs together as thick and think filaments slide past one another. Neither thick or thin filaments change: only the amount of _____ changes.
sarcomere, functional. shortens, sarcomeres, z. overlap.
A _____ muscle never contracts unless stimulated by a ______. If a _____ connection is _____ or _____ a muscle is paralyzed.
skeletal, nerve. nerve, severed, poisoned.
_______ ______ is the shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when the connection is not restored.
denervation atrophy.
Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the _____ and ____ ___ that serve skeletal muscles are called ____ _____ ______.
brainstem, spinal cord, somatic motor neurons.
____ _____ fiber have ____ that lead to the skeletal muscle, and each ____ fiber branches out to a number of muscle fibers and each muscle fiber is supplied by only one _____ ____.
somatic motor fibers, axons, nerve, one motor neuron.
A ____ ____ consists of one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it and the ______ in _____.
motor unit, contract unison.
A _____ is the point where a nerve fiber meets its ____ cell.
synapse, target.
A_______ _____ is when the ______ cell is a muscle fiber. Each ____ branch of the nerve fiber within the ____ forms separate ____ with the muscle fiber. One nerve fiber stimulates one muscle fiber at several points within the ____.
neuromuscular junction (NMJ), target. terminal, NMJ, synapse. NMJ.
The components of the Neuromuscular Junction are the _____ ____, a swollen end of nerve fiber, a _____ cleft–the tiny gap between the ____ ___ and the muscle sarcolemma; and ______ _______ which undergo exocytosis releasing ____ into the ______ cleft. A lack or receptors leads to _____ in the disease _____ ______.
synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, synaptic knob, synaptic vesicles, ACH, synaptic. paralysis, myasthenia gravis.
______ toxins are those that interfere with _____ function and can paralyze the muscles. 1. Some pesticides contain _____ inhibitors. 2. _____ or ____ is a form of spastic paralysis caused by the toxin ____ ___. ____ ____ is state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract. ______ is a type of food poisoning caused by a _____ toxin secreted by the bacterium clostridium botulinum–it blocks the release of _____ causing flaccid paralysis. This often occurs with _____ cosmetic injections for wrinkle removal.
neuromuscular, synaptic, cholinesterase. tetanus, lockjaw, clostridium tetani. botulism. ACH, botox.
There are four main phases of contraction and relaxation in muscles: ______ the process in which _____ action potentials lead to muscle actions potentials; ______-______ coupling which are events that link the action potentials on the _____ to activation of the _______, thereby preparing them to contract; _________ a step in which the muscle fibers develop ______ and may shorten; and _______ when its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length.
excitation, nerve. excitation-contraction, sarcolemma, microfilaments. contraction, tension. relaxation.
In ______-______ coupling, action potentials spread down into ____ ________. This opens _____-____ ___ _____ in ___ ___ and calcium channels in the SR. Calcium enters the cytosol.
excitation-contraction, T tubules. voltage-gated ion channels, T tubules.
In Contraction, _____ ATPase is an _____ in _____ head that hydrolyzes an _____ molecule. It activates the head ____ it in an extended position: ____ and ____ remain attached. The head binds to ____ active sites forming a ______-_____ cross-bridge.
myosin, enzyme, ATP. cocking, ADP, P. actin, myosin-actin
_____ and _____ are vulnerable to sudden and intense stress, therefore proper ____ and ____ are needed. Common injuries include: ____ syndrome, ____, ______ hamstrings, ______ elbow, _____ groin, _____ ____ injury.
muscles, tendons, conditioning, warm-up. compartment, shinsplints, pulled, tennis, pulled, rotator cuff.
The difference between a sprain and strain is that a sprain deals with tears in a ____ or ____ whereas a sprain deals with tears in a _______.
tendon, muscle, ligament.
_____ muscle is limited to the heart where it functions to pump blood.
cardiac.
The required properties to constitute ____ muscle are: contraction with a regular ______; muscle cells of each chamber must contract in ______; contractions must last long enough to _____ _____; they must work in ___ or _____, without fail and without _____ attention; must be highly resistant to _____.
cardiac, rhythm; unison; expel blood; sleep, wakefulness, conscious; fatigue.
Cardiac muscle is _____ like skeletal muscle but the _______ (_______) are shorter and thicker. Each _____ is joined to several others at the uneven, notched linkages called ______ discs. They appear as thick dark lines in stained tissue sections. ______ ___ _____ allow each ____ to directly stimulate its neighbors.
striated, myocyte ( cardiocyte). myocyte intercalated. electrical gap junctions, myocyte.
Damaged cardiac muscle cells repair by ______ which is a little _____ observed following _____ attacks.
fibrosis, mitosis, heart.
____ _____has no visible _______ and it is _____ and found in all _____ and _____ _____. Injured ____ _____ regenerates well.
striations, involuntary, viscera, blood vessels. smooth muscle.
