Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Biology Class 6-7 > Class 7 > Flashcards

Class 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Muscles function in ______, _______production, ________ and control of _________.

A

movement, heat, stability, openings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscles help move from ____ to _____, movement of _____ ____ and _____ contents in ________, ______, _____ and _________, defecation, _________ and __________. They also play a role in ______, namely _____, _____ and non-verbal ________.

A

place to place, body parts, body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding, digestion, urination, childbirth. communication, speech, writing, communications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Heat is produced by ______ _______. ________ muscles produce as much as _____ percent of our body heat.

A

skeletal muscles. skeletal muscles 85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscles function in stability and maintain ______ by preventing _______ movements. _______ muscles resist the pull of _____ and prevent us from falling over or slumping. They also _____ joints.

A

posture, unwanted. antigravity, gravity, stabilize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The muscles that control openings and passageways are called _______ and they are composed of muscular ______ that control the movement of ____, ____, ____ and other _____.

A

sphincters, rings, food, bile, blood, materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Mneumonic for the characteristics of muscles is ______ and it stands for ______, ______, _____, _____, _______ and _______.

A

CREEC, conductivity, responsiveness (excitibility), extensibility, elasticity, contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conductivity is where _____ ____ change triggers a wave of _____ that travels along the muscle fiber.

A

local electrical, excitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Responsiveness (_______) deals with responsiveness to _____ signals, stretch and _____ changes across the ______ _______.

A

excitibility, chemical, electrical, plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ means the muscle is capable of being stretched between _______.

A

extensibility, contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ returns the muscle to its original resting length after being stretched.

A

elasticity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ is when the muscle shortens when ______

A

contractility, stimulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There are three types of muscle: ______ (________) which are voluntary, ______ (______ _____) which are involuntary, and _____ (in the _____ and ____ _____) and they are also _________.

A

skeletal (aka striated), cardiac (heart muscle), smooth (in viscera and blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Skeletal muscle is _______ and is a ______ muscle that is attached to one or more _____.

A

voluntary, striated, bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_______ alternate in _____ and ____ in _____ bands and this results from overlapping of internal _____ ______.

A

striations, light and dark, transverse, contractile proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Skeletal muscles are _____ and usually subject to _____ control.

A

voluntary, conscious.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A muscle cell is also known as a muscle ____ or a _______ and is as long as ___.

A

fiber, myofiber, 30cm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tendons connect _____ to _______

A

muscle to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The _________ is the ______ tissue around muscle cells.

A

endomysium, connective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ________ is the ______ tissue around muscle ______.

A

perimysium, connective, fascicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The epimysium is the _______ ______ surrounding ________ _____.

A

connective tissue, entire muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The _____ is continuous with _____ fibers and ___ and in turn, with _____ tissue and bone ____.

A

epimysium, collagen, tendons, connective, matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Collagen is somewhat ______ and _____. It _____ lightly under tension, and _____ when released. It resists excessive ______ and protects muscle from ___. It returns the muscle to its ______ length and contributes to ______ output and muscle _____.

A

extensible and elastic. stretches, recoils. stretching, injury, resting, power, efficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_______ bridge the gap between______ ends and _____ attachment.

A

tendons, muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ______ fibers of the _____, ______ and _______ continue to the tendon and from there enter into the ________ and the _____ _____.

A

collagen, endo, peri, epimysium, periosteum and bone matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tendon fibers are ________: they do not ______.

A

inelastic, stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Examples of tendons are the ______ _____ and the ______ _____.

A

Biceps Brachii, Achilles tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ________ tendon is a _____ flat _____, and an example of one is the ______.

A

Aponeurosis, broad, sheet, palmar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ________ is connective tissue band that tendons from ______muscles _____ under.

A

retinaculum, separate, pass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

_______ connect bone to bone, have _____ fibers and unlike ______ can stretch.

A

ligaments, elastic, tendons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The _____ is bony attachment at the ______ end of a muscle.

A

origin, stationary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The _______ is _____, in the middle region of the muscle between the ____ and the ______.

A

belly, thicker, origin, insertion.

32
Q

The _____ is the effect produced by a muscle, to produce or prevent _______.

A

action, movement.

33
Q

The _____ ____, or _______ is the muscle that produces most of the ______ during a joint action.

A

prime mover, agonist, force.

34
Q

The _____ is the muscle that ____ the _____ mover.

A

synergist, aids, prime

35
Q

The ________ opposes the ______ mover. It ______ to give the _____ mover control over an _____. It prevents excessive movement or _____. There are ______ pairs that are muscles acting on ______ sides of a ______.

A

antagonist, prime.relaxes, prime, action. injury. antagonist, opposite, joint.

36
Q

A fixator is a muscle that _____ movement of a _____.

A

prevents, bone.

37
Q

In the muscle actions across the elbow, the ______ is the prime mover, the ______ is the synergist, the ______ ___ is the antagonist, and the fixator, or muscles that holds the _____ firmly into place are the ______.

A

brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, scapula, rhomboids.

38
Q

The muscle _____ equals the muscle _____.

A

fiber, cell.

39
Q

The _______ is the _____ membrane of a muscle fiber.

A

sarcolemma, plasma.

40
Q

The _______ is the _______ of a muscle fiber.

A

sarcoplasm, cytoplasm.

41
Q

______ are long ______ bundles that occupy the main portion of the muscle fiber. The repair by ____ rather than ______ of functional muscle.

A

myofibrils, protein. fibrosis, regeneration.

42
Q

________ are packed in spaces between the myofibrils.

A

mitochondria.

43
Q

_____ are the powerhouses of the cells producing ______ needed for muscle _______.

A

mitochondria, ATP, contractions.

44
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are ________. _____ in these nuceli direct the production of _____ and structural _______ required for normal muscle contraction.

A

multinucleated. genes, enzymes, proteins.

45
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers utilize large amounts of _____ and are therefore a rich ____ ____ carrying ____ is needed in their function.

A

ATP, blood supply, oxygen. WOWOWOWOW

46
Q

Thick myofilaments are called ______ and are made of several hundred _____ molecules. They are shpaed like a ______ ____ and the heads are directed outward in a ______ array around the bundle.

A

myosin, myosin. golf club, helical.

47
Q

Thin myofilaments are called ______ and they are composed of two ____(__) _____ strands. Each has a subunit called ______(__) ____ with an active site that can bind to the head of the _____ molecule.

A

actin, fibrous (F), intertwined. globular (G), myosin.

48
Q

____ molecules are small ____-____ proteins on each ______ molecule.

A

troponin, calcium-binding, tropomyosin.

49
Q

______ and _____ are contractile ______ which means they do the work.

A

myosin, actin, proteins.

50
Q

_____ and ______ are regulatory ____ , which are like _____ that determine when the fiber can ____ and when it cannot. That _____ is activated by the release of ____ into the _____ and its binding to ____.

A

tropomyosin, troponin, proteins, contract. contraction, calcium, sarcoplasm, troponin.

51
Q

______ and ______ are proteins that occur in all cells and they function in cellular ______, ______ and transport of ________ material.

A

myosin, actin, motility, mitosis, intracellular.

52
Q

______ and _____ are organized in a precise way in ______ and ______ muscle.

A

myosin, actin, skeletal, cardiac.

53
Q

___ band or ____ stands for ______. It is the part of ___ band where the thick and thin filaments overlap, and is therefore darker. The ____ band in the middle of the ____ band is just thick filaments. The ___ line is in the middle of the __ band. The alternating lighter band is called the __ band and it stands for ____, the way the bands reflected polarized light. These all form what are called _______

A

A, dark, anisotropic. A. H, A. M, H. I, isotropic. Striations.

54
Q

The ____ disc provides anchorage for thin filaments and ___ filaments and it _____ the I band.

A

Z, elastic, bisects.

55
Q

The ______ is the segment of the myofibril from one ___ disc to the next.

A

sarcomere, z.

56
Q

The _____ is the _____ contractile unit of the muscle fiber: the muscle _____ because the individual ______ shorten and pull the ____ discs together as thick and think filaments slide past one another. Neither thick or thin filaments change: only the amount of _____ changes.

A

sarcomere, functional. shortens, sarcomeres, z. overlap.

57
Q

A _____ muscle never contracts unless stimulated by a ______. If a _____ connection is _____ or _____ a muscle is paralyzed.

A

skeletal, nerve. nerve, severed, poisoned.

58
Q

_______ ______ is the shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when the connection is not restored.

A

denervation atrophy.

59
Q

Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the _____ and ____ ___ that serve skeletal muscles are called ____ _____ ______.

A

brainstem, spinal cord, somatic motor neurons.

60
Q

____ _____ fiber have ____ that lead to the skeletal muscle, and each ____ fiber branches out to a number of muscle fibers and each muscle fiber is supplied by only one _____ ____.

A

somatic motor fibers, axons, nerve, one motor neuron.

61
Q

A ____ ____ consists of one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it and the ______ in _____.

A

motor unit, contract unison.

62
Q

A _____ is the point where a nerve fiber meets its ____ cell.

A

synapse, target.

63
Q

A_______ _____ is when the ______ cell is a muscle fiber. Each ____ branch of the nerve fiber within the ____ forms separate ____ with the muscle fiber. One nerve fiber stimulates one muscle fiber at several points within the ____.

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ), target. terminal, NMJ, synapse. NMJ.

64
Q

The components of the Neuromuscular Junction are the _____ ____, a swollen end of nerve fiber, a _____ cleft–the tiny gap between the ____ ___ and the muscle sarcolemma; and ______ _______ which undergo exocytosis releasing ____ into the ______ cleft. A lack or receptors leads to _____ in the disease _____ ______.

A

synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, synaptic knob, synaptic vesicles, ACH, synaptic. paralysis, myasthenia gravis.

65
Q

______ toxins are those that interfere with _____ function and can paralyze the muscles. 1. Some pesticides contain _____ inhibitors. 2. _____ or ____ is a form of spastic paralysis caused by the toxin ____ ___. ____ ____ is state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract. ______ is a type of food poisoning caused by a _____ toxin secreted by the bacterium clostridium botulinum–it blocks the release of _____ causing flaccid paralysis. This often occurs with _____ cosmetic injections for wrinkle removal.

A

neuromuscular, synaptic, cholinesterase. tetanus, lockjaw, clostridium tetani. botulism. ACH, botox.

66
Q

There are four main phases of contraction and relaxation in muscles: ______ the process in which _____ action potentials lead to muscle actions potentials; ______-______ coupling which are events that link the action potentials on the _____ to activation of the _______, thereby preparing them to contract; _________ a step in which the muscle fibers develop ______ and may shorten; and _______ when its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length.

A

excitation, nerve. excitation-contraction, sarcolemma, microfilaments. contraction, tension. relaxation.

67
Q

In ______-______ coupling, action potentials spread down into ____ ________. This opens _____-____ ___ _____ in ___ ___ and calcium channels in the SR. Calcium enters the cytosol.

A

excitation-contraction, T tubules. voltage-gated ion channels, T tubules.

68
Q

In Contraction, _____ ATPase is an _____ in _____ head that hydrolyzes an _____ molecule. It activates the head ____ it in an extended position: ____ and ____ remain attached. The head binds to ____ active sites forming a ______-_____ cross-bridge.

A

myosin, enzyme, ATP. cocking, ADP, P. actin, myosin-actin

69
Q

_____ and _____ are vulnerable to sudden and intense stress, therefore proper ____ and ____ are needed. Common injuries include: ____ syndrome, ____, ______ hamstrings, ______ elbow, _____ groin, _____ ____ injury.

A

muscles, tendons, conditioning, warm-up. compartment, shinsplints, pulled, tennis, pulled, rotator cuff.

70
Q

The difference between a sprain and strain is that a sprain deals with tears in a ____ or ____ whereas a sprain deals with tears in a _______.

A

tendon, muscle, ligament.

71
Q

_____ muscle is limited to the heart where it functions to pump blood.

A

cardiac.

72
Q

The required properties to constitute ____ muscle are: contraction with a regular ______; muscle cells of each chamber must contract in ______; contractions must last long enough to _____ _____; they must work in ___ or _____, without fail and without _____ attention; must be highly resistant to _____.

A

cardiac, rhythm; unison; expel blood; sleep, wakefulness, conscious; fatigue.

73
Q

Cardiac muscle is _____ like skeletal muscle but the _______ (_______) are shorter and thicker. Each _____ is joined to several others at the uneven, notched linkages called ______ discs. They appear as thick dark lines in stained tissue sections. ______ ___ _____ allow each ____ to directly stimulate its neighbors.

A

striated, myocyte ( cardiocyte). myocyte intercalated. electrical gap junctions, myocyte.

74
Q

Damaged cardiac muscle cells repair by ______ which is a little _____ observed following _____ attacks.

A

fibrosis, mitosis, heart.

75
Q

____ _____has no visible _______ and it is _____ and found in all _____ and _____ _____. Injured ____ _____ regenerates well.

A

striations, involuntary, viscera, blood vessels. smooth muscle.

Anatomy and Biology Class 6-7 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions