~Class 22: Reducing Prejudice

Question 1

In the experimental studies looked at by Betsy Levy Peller, what measures did they use?

Answer 1

explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes, behavioral intentions, actual behaviors.

Question 2

What is Extended/Imaginary contact?

Answer 2

It’s imagining interactions with members of an out group, or it’s being reminded of people that you are connected with having connections with the outgroup.

It’s light touch, low cost, easy-to-run type of intervention that is done because it’s the easiest way to set up a study online and get an easy dataset.

Question 3

What types of studies are best for studying Prejudice reduction?

Answer 3

Interpersonal contact interventions, peer influence, and entertainment approaches

Question 4

What is Cognitive & Emotional Training?

Answer 4

Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions work to promote cognitive and emotion regulation strategies to help people combat personal prejudices

Question 5

Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions counteract ___ with the outgroup and reduce ___ during outgroup interactions; perspective-taking techniques.

Answer 5

negative associations // negative emotions

Question 6

Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions have ___ effects, mostly on ___.

Answer 6

small to moderate // explicit attitudes

Question 7

What are Value-Consistency Interventions?

Answer 7

Value-Consistency Interventions leverage the desire to maintain a consistent and positive self-image (for the self and the group) to reduce prejudice

Reminding people about their own or their group’s positive views and historical attitudes and behaviours toward egalitarianism, using that as a way to push them toward more positive attitudes in whatever current context they’re in.

Question 8

Value-Consistency Interventions have ___ effects, at least among those who are ___.

Answer 8

moderate-sized // motivated to reduce prejudice

Question 9

What is the weakness in Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions?

Answer 9

they focus on explicit attitudes, often very shortly after the intervention, without following it up into the longer term.

• So we don’t actually have a ton of good studies that look at the impact of these trainings on the implicit attitudes that are the focus of so much of the intervention.
• We don’t have really good evidence about how long any changes persist once the study is over.

Question 10

What is the weakness in Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions?

Answer 10

They focus on explicit attitudes, often very shortly after the intervention, without following it up into the longer term. So we don’t have a ton of good studies that look at the impact of these trainings on the implicit attitudes that are the focus of so much of the intervention. We don’t have really good evidence about how long any changes persist once the study is over.

Question 11

Prejudice Confrontation is a ___ intervention.

Answer 11

value-consistency

Question 12

Entertainment-Based Approaches have ___ effects.

Answer 12

Moderate to large

Question 13

Extended or Imagined Contact uses ___ or ___ contact with outgroup.

Answer 13

indirect (second-hand) // imagined

Question 14

What is a weakness of Entertainment-Based Approaches?

Answer 14

If the entertainment that you come up with feeds into existing stereotypes or presents a simplistic or one sided, single perspective on someone’s experience of prejudice, they interpret it as being a reflection of the experience of prejudice more generally in ways that might close them off to recognizing the nuances.

Question 15

What is the Real Contact hypothesis?

Answer 15

That actual direct contact between you and members of an out group is the type of thing that can facilitate prejudice reduction.

Question 16

Extended or Imagined Contact is most effective when used on ___.

Answer 16

children

Question 17

What are Social Categorization interventions?

Answer 17

Social Categorization interventions aim to modify group boundaries or change perceptions of groups. They highlight group similarities and shared identities; identify examples that contradict perceptions of outgroup homogeneity

Question 18

Social Categorization interventions have ___ effects.

Answer 18

Small to moderate effects

Question 19

One weakness of Social Categorization interventions is that the ___ approach can cause bias against immigrants, and an “us vs. them” mentality toward other countries.

Answer 19

shared identity

Question 20

What are Intergroup Contact interventions?

Answer 20

Intergroup Contact interventions involve face-to-face contact (or virtual) contact. Equal-status interaction in pursuit of common goals (interdependence)

Question 21

Effects Intergroup Contact interventions are ___, on average, but some evidence they ___.

Answer 21

small // last over time

Question 22

What is required for Intergroup Contact to be effective?

Answer 22

• You want the two groups that are in contact with each other to have equal status, at least within the context of how they’re interacting.
• A sense of interdependence and cooperation required to complete a shared goal.
• It’s most likely to be effective if institutions are on board.

Question 23

What are Peer Influence interventions?

Answer 23

Peer Influence interventions recognize that peers and ingroup members affect our impression of social norms for acceptable attitudes/behaviours. Use ingroup leaders as message for a cause; exposure to peer beliefs through discussion; summaries of normative consensus

Question 24

Peer Influence interventions show ___ effects, and are ___ after a delay vs. immediately

Answer 24

Small to moderate // stronger

Question 25

What are Interpersonal Discussion interventions?

Answer 25

Interpersonal Discussion interventions use dialogue among inter-group members to reduce prejudice. Small group contexts; individual conversations.

-Slightly weaker effects than peer influence, but field studies are promising

Question 26

Where are effects seen in Interpersonal Discussion interventions?

Answer 26

Effects seen on behavioural intentions (e.g., support of nondiscrimination laws) and attitudes

Question 27

Interpersonal Discussion interventions have ___ effects than peer influence, but field studies are promising

Answer 27

slightly weaker

Question 28

What was the outcome of the Twitter Bot experiment?

Answer 28

Only reproach from a white man with many followers reduced use of slurs over the following months, after a couple months, use of word went back to normal. No other conditions had an effect on subsequent behaviour

Question 29

What was the outcome of the Soccer experiment?

Answer 29

Mixed teams had sizeable positive effects on soccer- related behaviors toward Muslims, but no consistent effect on intergroup attitudes

Question 30

What was the outcome of the door-to-door canvassing experiment?

Answer 30

Following a ~10 minute conversation with a canvasser, voters who were encouraged to engage in perspective-taking showed reduced transphobia and increased support for nondiscrimination laws

-Effects persisted at 3-month follow up; survived viewing attack ads from opposition