~Class 22: Reducing Prejudice Flashcards
In the experimental studies looked at by Betsy Levy Peller, what measures did they use?
explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes, behavioral intentions, actual behaviors.
What is Extended/Imaginary contact?
It’s imagining interactions with members of an out group, or it’s being reminded of people that you are connected with having connections with the outgroup.
It’s light touch, low cost, easy-to-run type of intervention that is done because it’s the easiest way to set up a study online and get an easy dataset.
What types of studies are best for studying Prejudice reduction?
Interpersonal contact interventions, peer influence, and entertainment approaches
What is Cognitive & Emotional Training?
Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions work to promote cognitive and emotion regulation strategies to help people combat personal prejudices
Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions counteract ___ with the outgroup and reduce ___ during outgroup interactions; perspective-taking techniques.
negative associations // negative emotions
Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions have ___ effects, mostly on ___.
small to moderate // explicit attitudes
What are Value-Consistency Interventions?
Value-Consistency Interventions leverage the desire to maintain a consistent and positive self-image (for the self and the group) to reduce prejudice
Reminding people about their own or their group’s positive views and historical attitudes and behaviours toward egalitarianism, using that as a way to push them toward more positive attitudes in whatever current context they’re in.
Value-Consistency Interventions have ___ effects, at least among those who are ___.
moderate-sized // motivated to reduce prejudice
What is the weakness in Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions?
they focus on explicit attitudes, often very shortly after the intervention, without following it up into the longer term.
- So we don’t actually have a ton of good studies that look at the impact of these trainings on the implicit attitudes that are the focus of so much of the intervention.
- We don’t have really good evidence about how long any changes persist once the study is over.
What is the weakness in Cognitive & Emotional Training interventions?
They focus on explicit attitudes, often very shortly after the intervention, without following it up into the longer term. So we don’t have a ton of good studies that look at the impact of these trainings on the implicit attitudes that are the focus of so much of the intervention. We don’t have really good evidence about how long any changes persist once the study is over.
Prejudice Confrontation is a ___ intervention.
value-consistency
Entertainment-Based Approaches have ___ effects.
Moderate to large
Extended or Imagined Contact uses ___ or ___ contact with outgroup.
indirect (second-hand) // imagined
What is a weakness of Entertainment-Based Approaches?
If the entertainment that you come up with feeds into existing stereotypes or presents a simplistic or one sided, single perspective on someone’s experience of prejudice, they interpret it as being a reflection of the experience of prejudice more generally in ways that might close them off to recognizing the nuances.
What is the Real Contact hypothesis?
That actual direct contact between you and members of an out group is the type of thing that can facilitate prejudice reduction.
Extended or Imagined Contact is most effective when used on ___.
children
What are Social Categorization interventions?
Social Categorization interventions aim to modify group boundaries or change perceptions of groups. They highlight group similarities and shared identities; identify examples that contradict perceptions of outgroup homogeneity
Social Categorization interventions have ___ effects.
Small to moderate effects
One weakness of Social Categorization interventions is that the ___ approach can cause bias against immigrants, and an “us vs. them” mentality toward other countries.
shared identity
What are Intergroup Contact interventions?
Intergroup Contact interventions involve face-to-face contact (or virtual) contact. Equal-status interaction in pursuit of common goals (interdependence)
Effects Intergroup Contact interventions are ___, on average, but some evidence they ___.
small // last over time
What is required for Intergroup Contact to be effective?
- You want the two groups that are in contact with each other to have equal status, at least within the context of how they’re interacting.
- A sense of interdependence and cooperation required to complete a shared goal.
- It’s most likely to be effective if institutions are on board.
What are Peer Influence interventions?
Peer Influence interventions recognize that peers and ingroup members affect our impression of social norms for acceptable attitudes/behaviours. Use ingroup leaders as message for a cause; exposure to peer beliefs through discussion; summaries of normative consensus
Peer Influence interventions show ___ effects, and are ___ after a delay vs. immediately
Small to moderate // stronger
What are Interpersonal Discussion interventions?
Interpersonal Discussion interventions use dialogue among inter-group members to reduce prejudice. Small group contexts; individual conversations.
-Slightly weaker effects than peer influence, but field studies are promising
Where are effects seen in Interpersonal Discussion interventions?
Effects seen on behavioural intentions (e.g., support of nondiscrimination laws) and attitudes
Interpersonal Discussion interventions have ___ effects than peer influence, but field studies are promising
slightly weaker
What was the outcome of the Twitter Bot experiment?
Only reproach from a white man with many followers reduced use of slurs over the following months, after a couple months, use of word went back to normal. No other conditions had an effect on subsequent behaviour
What was the outcome of the Soccer experiment?
Mixed teams had sizeable positive effects on soccer- related behaviors toward Muslims, but no consistent effect on intergroup attitudes
What was the outcome of the door-to-door canvassing experiment?
Following a ~10 minute conversation with a canvasser, voters who were encouraged to engage in perspective-taking showed reduced transphobia and increased support for nondiscrimination laws
-Effects persisted at 3-month follow up; survived viewing attack ads from opposition
