~Class 21: Prejudice Flashcards
___ are the cognitive side of things, whereas ___ is the affective side of things.
Stereotypes // prejudice
What are ways of assessing Prejudice?
-Self-Report, Implicity Tests, and Behavioural measures
What are the problems with self-report assessments?
Even if people hold deeply prejudiced views, they often recognize that that’s not the socially acceptable or desirable response and may be reluctant to report those attitudes even if they hold them
What do Modern Prejudice Scales measure?
They focus on more subtle forms of prejudice that people tend to be more willing to report, even if they disavow outright prejudiced views or disavow blatant, stereotypical and prejudiced views.
People who score high on Modern prejudice scales report more ___ attitudes toward the groups against which they’ve shown prejudice. They will often interpret their ambiguous behaviours more ___ and believe them to have more ___ traits in general.
negative // negatively // negative
What are Implicit Tests?
Implicit tests are indirect measures of prejudice and/or stereotypes based on responses to stimuli, and it is based on the speed with which we respond to different combinations of stimuli.
The Lexical Decision task is an ___.
Implicit Test
How does a Lexical Decision task work?
Your job is to look at a string of letters and decide whether it’s a real word or a pseudo word, not a real word.
The way that this would be incorporated into work on stereotyping and prejudice is to include primes before people make those decisions.
In Lexical Decision tasks, people will be quicker to respond to real words like dangerous after being primed with a ___ face rather than with a ___ face.
black // white
The implicit association test is a ___.
Implicit test
How does an implicit association test work?
It also works on reaction times and responding to stimuli, looking at whether you respond more quickly to associations that feed into a negative stereotype than to others.
So in an implicit association task, you might be given different rules to categorize stimuli.
What are the challenges with Implicit tests?
One of the challenges with these implicit tasks is that you do see differences like that in people who have internalized the stereotype because it’s in the air that surrounds us all, but don’t necessarily show any indication of actual prejudice, like they don’t believe the stereotypes that they’re responding to.
How are behavioural measures done?
Here, you are observing how people interact with members of a group against which they hold prejudices or how they respond to situations like receiving a job application from them.
What is In-Group Favouritism?
The tendency to favour members of our groups, giving them preference over people from outgroups
We all have multiple ___ and are part of multiple groups. So the status of somebody as being part of our in-group and outgroup can ___ depending on what characteristic we’re focused on in a given context and what situation we’re in.
identities/groups // shift
What is the Minimal group paradigm?
To essentially create an artificial sense of in-group versus outgroup that’s not tied into existing connections that you have with other people
What the minimal group paradigm is looking at is whether the same in-group favoritism occurs when you take away all that existing context and just put people on different teams, essentially.
Minimal groups could be formed on any number of basically random ways.
We show similar group preferences, even in situations where group membership is essentially ___.
arbitrary
Preference for in-group members shows up as early as ___.
Preschool age
We’re more likely to ___ our in-group members more, and rate them more ___.
like // positivley
We’re more likely to give more rewards to our in-group, maximizing ___ even at the expense of ___.
relative gain // absolute gain
We would rather give our in-group ___ and give the outgroup ___ over our ingroup getting ___ and the outgroup getting ___.
$2 // $1 // $3 // $4
We tend to interpret and construe the behaviours of our in-group members ___ than out group members.
more positively
Negative actions by ingroup are described in ___; positive actions by ingroup are described ___ (and vice versa for outgroups)
concrete terms // abstractly
What is Relative Deprivation Theory?
Feelings of discontent resulting from perception that you have less than you deserve, less than you expected, or less than others. This is the type of thing where it’s a relative deprivation, not an absolute lack of having what you need.
What factors amplify that sense of outgroup prejudice?
Relative Deprivation Theory and Realistic Conflict Theory
Among people who have a particularly strong sense of relative deprivation, you do tend to see ___ and more ___ attitudes toward outgroup members.
stronger // negative
___ is the type of thing that can be stoked by politicians who want to offload attention from them for structural issues and put people’s frustration more toward other groups.
Relative Deprivation
What is Realistic Conflict Theory?
Prejudice and discrimination increase when groups are in competition for scarce resources
If you look historically at rates of prejudicial attitudes being reported, you see that it actually does track fairly closely with periods of ___.
economic hardship
Negative attitudes toward immigrants tend to ___ during periods of economic recession periods where there’s particularly high unemployment, those negative attitudes ___ as financial situations improve
increase // decrease
When people believe that negative attitudes toward particular groups are the norm, when people believe that discrimination is accepted and expected within the broader social context, they’re ___.
more likely to adopt those beliefs themselves
What is Injunctification?
The tendency to see the status quo as the desirable state of affairs (how things are = how things should be)
What is system justification?
The personal tendency to want to believe that the system is fair and just and right
What is Social Identity Theory?
Social Identity Theory argues that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive, in part, from the status & accomplishments of the in-groups to which the person belongs
The stronger a person’s sense identity with the group, the stronger their ___ is.
in-group favouritism
People show increases in ___ when they’re given opportunities to view their in-group favourably or treat them preferentially, through things like resource allocation or ratings of people’s characteristics
self-esteem
People, especially if they feel a strong sense of identification with their group, are inclined to react to criticism toward the group as a whole as if it were a criticism of ___.
themselves
What is basking in the reflected glory of the group?
So here we’re looking more at the positive benefits of your group doing well or your group being viewed positively by the world at large. Identifying yourself as part of the team when things are going well
What’s an example of basking in the reflected glory of the group?
If you favourite team’s doing really well, it’s “we won”. If the team didn’t do so well, it’s “they lost”.
People show increases in ___ when they’re given opportunities to view the out-group negativley
self-esteem
If people are receiving ___ feedback from a black doctor, then they’re going to be motivated to focus on that kind of doctor identity. If you receive negative feedback from a black doctor, you might instead focus on the more ___ associations involved in stereotypes of black people.
positive // negative
___-related stereotypes are often less salient and less automatically activated when compared with more ___-based stereotypes.
occupation // identity
We activate stereotypes opportunistically in ways that feed our self-image and self-esteem. But we only do that in situations where there’s a way for us to do so ___.
easily
