~Class 20: Stereotyping

Question 1

Prejudice is the ___ side of things.

Answer 1

affective emotional

Question 2

What is Prejudice?

Answer 2

Negative attitudes and negative emotional reactions towards any kind of outgroup, and it’s individual members.

Question 3

What is Discrimination?

Answer 3

Unjustified treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

Question 4

Stereotypes are the ___ side of thigns.

Answer 4

cognitive

Question 5

What are Stereotypes?

Answer 5

Stereotypes refer to our generalized beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of a particular group, overlooking the variation that exists among group members.

Question 6

Can stereotypes, and what you actually believe, function independently of one another?

Answer 6

Yes, it’s perfectly possible to have internalized a stereotype that you don’t actually believe or endorse

Question 7

What is Stereotype Threat?

Answer 7

a phenomenon where people who are the subject of a negative stereotype can perform worse in situations relevant to that stereotype, especially if the stereotype is kind of made salient to them in the moment. That stereotype threat exists even in situations where the people themselves don’t believe the stereotype, they just recognize that other people hold the stereotype views of their group, and that knowledge of the stereotype alone is the type of thing that can impair performance.

Question 8

if you’ve internalized a stereotype, you’re more likely to ___ and to ___ that confirms that belief if you also hold prejudiced views about the group being stereotyped.

Answer 8

believe it fully // seek out information

Question 9

Stereotypes can be viewed as ___ that emerge from our tendency to ___ and ___.

Answer 9

schemas // categorize the world // simplify processing

Question 10

One of the tricky and pernicious things about stereotypes is that they are easy to ___, they’re often activated almost ___ in certain situations, and they can be hard to ___.

Answer 10

internalize // automatically // unlearn

Question 11

Stereotyping is essentially a form of ___, and categorizing the world is a big part of how we process information in general.

Answer 11

social categorization

Question 12

Why are stereotypes so hard to address?

Answer 12

Because these cognitive processes are the type of thing that we use for all manner of categorization, they are built on this bedrock of our basic cognitive processing.; visual stimuli, auditory stimuli…

Question 13

What is Perceptual Accentation?

Answer 13

A phenomenon where essentially any time we have categories, visual, auditory, or social, we tend to exaggerate the differences between two stimuli that fall into two different categories, and we minimize the differences between stimuli that fall within the same category.

Question 14

Perceptual Accentation lends itself to stereotype formation and social categorization more ___.

Answer 14

generally

Question 15

What is the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect?

Answer 15

Tendency to view members of out-groups as more similar to each other than members of ingroups. We perceive members of the groups that were a part of as being diverse and unique in having all of these differences, but when we look at other groups that we’re not a part of, they seem similar

Question 16

With the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect, we have a tendency to treat outgroup members as ___.

Answer 16

representative of their groups

Question 17

Why are the effects of the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect particularly strong?

Answer 17

Because people don’t have as much experience interacting with members of out groups as they do members of their own in-group. So this effect is going to be amplified in people who don’t have a lot of experience with members of diverse outgroups.

Question 18

People who hold particularly strong Outgroup Homogeneity beliefs about a particular group also tend to have ___ degrees of prejudice and tendencies toward discrimination to those groups.

Answer 18

higher

Question 19

What are Illusory Correlations?

Answer 19

This is a tendency to see relationships between people and events and things, even though no actual relationship exists. So the illusory part is getting at the idea that this correlation is an illusion, there’s no actual association there, but we perceive there to be one.

Question 20

We tend to see that illusory correlations are more likely to form when the distinctive events that are happening are things that ___. So if they play into our existing negative stereotypes about a particular group, if they play into our prejudices, then we’re especially likely to see relationships between members of that group and other negative events or traits.

Answer 20

we expect

Question 21

What cognitive processes do we use to categorize the world?

Answer 21

Perceptual Accentuation, Outgroup homogeneity effect, and Illusory Correlations

Question 22

What are the cognitive processes that facilitate those stereotypes being maintained over time?

Answer 22

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Motivated Reasoning Subtyping, and Confirmation Bias

Question 23

What are Self-Fufilling Prophecies?

Answer 23

When we have a particular belief about what characteristics people have or what behaviours they’re likely to engage in, and then we behave in ways that make those beliefs come true.

Question 24

What is an example of a Self-Fufilling Prophecy?

Answer 24

If we think that a particular group is hostile and rude, then we are more likely to be standoffish and cold and distant when we’re interacting with them, they’re likely to pick up on those behaviors from us, and they might be more distant and cold in return. If we are sending out those bad vibes and getting a response from that, our preexisting conceptions about that group being hostile and rude mean we’re likely to interpret that likely ambiguous behavior as essentially confirmation that our belief was right, that people in this group are cold and they are hostile and they are rude.
So essentially, we are creating and reinforcing the very behaviours that we expect from other groups.

Question 25

Teachers were more likely to recommend either remedial or just average, like regular classroom placement for students that they had been told were ___, compared with the recommendations they made for the same report card same performance if this was not indicated as being indigenous or an English language learner.

Answer 25

indigenous or English language learners

Question 26

What is Motivated Reasoning?

Answer 26

Accepting belief-confirming information at face value; critically analyzing and discounting contradictory evidence

Question 27

What is Subtyping?

Answer 27

Interpreting exceptions as a subcategory of stereotyped group

Attribute inconsistent behaviours to external factors rather than internal ones

Question 28

___ is a form of Motivated Reasoning.

Answer 28

Subtyping

Question 29

What is an example of Subtyping?

Answer 29

If you have a stereotype that members of a certain group are less academically capable or only able to succeed in certain domains, and then you find an exception to that, where somebody from that group is absolutely crushing it and is top of their class, rather than change the stereotype, you will often see people create like a subcategory within that larger category group, so they’re the exception that proves the rule, essentially.

Question 30

___ is more conscious and intentional reasoning than some of the more automatic processes.

Answer 30

Subtyping

Question 31

What is Confirmation Bias?

Answer 31

The tendency to seek out information that supports our existing views. So we are more likely to remember information that’s consistent with our stereotypes. We’re more likely to look for that confirmatory evidence and put far less effort into seeking out counterexamples or disconfirming evidence.

Question 32

What is the difference between confirmation bias and motivated reasoning?

Answer 32

You can think of confirmation bias as the information that we seek out to find like actively looking for, whereas motivated reasoning is more when information crosses our path.