Class 1B Flashcards
What are reasons for the development to deviate from the norm?
Genetics
Spontaneous mutation
Environmental insult
Genetic counciling
A type of counselling for prospective parents concerning the risks of genetic disorders in a future child
Prenatal screening
A type of testing offered to women during pregnancy to determine of the fetus has a possibility to be born with a genetic condition of birth defect
Amniocentesis
Done between the fifteenth and twentieth week of pregnancy, this
procedure examines a sample of the amniotic fluid, which contains
fetal cells. Recommended if either parent carries Tay-Sachs, spina
bifida, sickle-cell, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Rh
disease.
Fetal development monitoring techniques
Amniocentesis
Chronic villus sampling (CVS)
Embryoscopy
Fetal blood sampling (FBS)
Sonoembryology
Sonogram
Ultrasoundsonography
Chorionic villus
sampling (CVS)
Done at 8 to 11 weeks, either transabdominally or transcervically,
depending on where the placenta is located. Involves inserting a
needle (abdominally) or a catheter (cervically) into the substance of
the placenta but staying outside the amniotic sac and removing 10
to 15 milligrams of tissue. This tissue is manually cleaned of
maternal uterine tissue and then grown in culture, and a karyotype
is made, as with amniocentesis.
Embryoscopy
Examines the embryo or fetus during the first 12 weeks of
pregnancy by means of a fiber-optic endoscope inserted through
the cervix. Can be performed as early as week 5. Access to the fetal
circulation may be obtained through the instrument, and direct
visualization of the embryo permits the diagnosis of malformations.
Fetal blood
sampling (FBS)
Performed after 18 weeks of pregnancy by collecting a small
amount of blood from the umbilical cord for testing. Used to detect
Down syndrome and most other chromosome abnormalities in the
fetuses of couples who are at increased risk of having an affected
child. Many other diseases can be diagnosed using this technique.
Sonoembryology
Used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Involves high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital image
processing. In combination with ultrasound, it can detect more than
80 percent of all malformations during the second trimester.
Sonogram
Uses ultrasound to produce a visual image of the uterus, fetus, and
placenta
Ultrasound
sonography
Uses very high frequency sound waves to detect structural
abnormalities or multiple pregnancies, measure fetal growth, judge
gestational age, and evaluate uterine abnormalities. Also used as
an adjunct to other procedures, such as amniocentesis.
The fundamental principle of the influence of nature and nurture
The role of genetics is often to produce a tendency toward a future course of development.
The role of the environment affects when and whether a certain behavioural characteristic will actually be displayed
The stages of prenatal development
Germinal (fertilization to 2 Weeks)
Embryonic (2 Weeks to 8 Weeks)
Fetal (8 Weeks to Birth)
Fetal Stage
Formally starts when differentiation of major organs has occurred
Organism now called a fetus
Characterized by rapid development
Organs become more differentiated and begin working
Interconnections between body parts become more complex
and integrated
Brain becomes more sophisticated
Multifactorial transmission Heredity and Environment
A given behavior is not caused by solely genetic factors, nor is it caused solely by environmental forces
